英語概要寫作
概要寫作：提供一篇350詞以內的短文，要求考生基於該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內容概要。（滿分25分）
詞數少於40的和多餘80的，從總分中減去2分
一、解題指導
二、記敘文的概要寫作
三、議論文的概要寫作
四、 說明文的概要寫作
五、常見錯誤
六、評分原則
目錄
types key information
記敘文
narration人物+時間+地點+事件（起因+發展+結果）
說明文
exposition
描寫某事物的性質功用。即&34;；
針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施。即&34;；
介紹某現象及其原因和結果。即&34;
議論文
argumentation論點+論據(+結論)
1. 確定文體 the types of the passage
一、解題指導
2.寫出初稿在寫作過程中，學生要注意
詞數要求，使用精煉的句子概括文章的要點，可以引用所給閱讀材料的重要詞語，但不可過多，否則便失去了概要的意義;學生還需謹記:概要必須全面、清晰地表達所給閱讀材料的信息，客觀、準確地反映所給閱讀材料的真實意圖，不可隨意增減內容。
1.閱讀首先要通讀全文，對
文章的體栽和大意有所了解。閱讀時要快速地找到主題句，以便抓住中心，理解全文。學生還需要根據文章內容列出一個簡單的提綱，以便在寫作過程中不會遺漏要點，總結全面。
3.修正定稿初稿完成後，要將其與
所給閱讀材料核對一遍，看原材料中的要點是否在概要中都得到了體現，語句間的接是否符合邏輯，同時還需要檢查句子是否有錯誤，時態和語態的使用是否正確，標點、格式、大小寫是否有誤等通過細緻的修正與調整，力爭使文章在各個方面都萬無失。
How to write a summary(argumentation)
1.Read 2.Make an outline
3.Rewrite4. Make it coherent
5. Revise
6. neatly copy
-Topic , structure, key supporting sentences
二，記敘文的概要寫作
對記敘文進行概括時，要抓住原文的人物、事件、結果三大要素。有些記敘文的結尾有一個點題句，表達深刻內涵或故事帶給人們的啟示，在寫摘要時也需把故事寓意表達出來。
(一)記敘文摘要的寫法------要素串聯法
1，尋詞摘句，確定要素
,2，整合信息
串聯要素
記敘文通常包含時間(when)、地點( where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因why)、經過how)等六大要素。在閱讀時要圈定這些要素
列出上述要素和關鍵詞後，需要對其進行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的邏輯順序，在整合時要有所取捨，對於有助於揭示主題的主要信息，應該全部概括;而對於主題之外的內容要毫不吝嗇地捨棄
3，認真審題，注意表達
(1)確定人稱:如果原文是第一人稱，在轉述時一般要改為第三人稱，
(2)確定時態:記敘文以一般過去時為主。若記敘文中有作者從中得到的&34;或&34;等，一般用一般現在時表達
(3)確定詞數與句數:摘要要求是&34;，從近兩年高考閱卷的實際來看，滿分作文概括的詞數在26～38個單詞之間受詞數限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表達，以用2句最佳，句子過多，要麼內容累贅，要麼句式過於簡單，均會影響表達效果。
(二)記敘文摘要的常用句式:
1. The writer mainly tells us...2. The author shares his experiences3. From the passage, we know that...4. In the passage,
一篇完整的讀寫任務型寫作，應該包括三部分，即概括、正文、結尾。
概括：文章第一段為概括段，根據閱讀材料的體裁和內容，一般用一兩句話，約30個詞進行提煉歸納原材料的中心主題。
正文：這部分要根據寫作內容要點來分段，一般寫作內容有幾個要點就分幾段，而且，每段的主題句最好放在段首，然後用一些支撐句進行必要的拓展，即主題句+拓展內容。
結尾：可以是總結，也可以是強調主題中心句等。
如何寫好概括 記敘文的概括
先通過閱讀材料，找出所給材料的六要素，再按一定的邏輯關係將六要素串聯起來，組成能體現文章中心的一兩句話。
如：何時（when）何地（where）誰（who）做了什麼事情（what），結果怎樣（how）或為什麼會這樣（why）。用最簡練的語言來說明故事講述了什麼，不能拖泥帶水講細節，而且最好講出故事給你的啟示或其中的一個道理。注意人稱和時態（ 一般原文用是什麼時態，概括就用什麼時態）的使用。切忌羅列細節或摻入個人思想。
(三)典題示例 : 閱讀下面短文，然後以約30個詞概括其內容要點
After graduating from college, I decided to try for a job at a radio station, and then I
would become a sports announcer, I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station,
but got turned down every time. Seeing I was disappointed, my mother said, &39;ll realize that
it wouldn&39;t risk hiring an inexperienced
person Go to small towns to find a small station that will give you a chance, &34;How can
a fellow get to be a sports announcer if he can&34;What did you say about sports? Do you know anything about football? &39;s words would come to my mind.
[點撥]
1.這是一篇記敘文，概括前需找出(1)誰? (the writer/author）(2)做了什麼事?（failed lots of times in looking for a job）(3)結果如何?( felt very disappointed)(4)經教訓 （his mother inspired him to keep on， and he succeeded at last）
2.然後用自己的話將上述要點表達出來，便是本文概要SummaryWhile looking for a job, the author suffered one failure after another, which made him feel very disappointed. It was his mother&39;s awareness of …, can we…
夾敘夾議的概括
夾敘夾議文，先按照記敘文的概括方法， 然後加上作者的看法或觀點，指出該故事說明了一個什麼道理或給人有什麼啟示或從中得出的哲理。
例2： To many people even the word &34; sounds unpleasant, notnecessarily because they are lazy. The same man, who dislikes his job inthe factory or even in the office, may work hard at the weekend,painting the house or digging the garden. What is the reason, then Inmost case, it is because these people simply do not enjoy the job theyare doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quiteeasy, like making up wooden boxes, but it is very boring. Very oftenthey are doing a job which is just a small part of a much larger one,such as attaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play inactually making the car is so small that they can never say: I have madesomething! Yet in modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs suchas cleaning streets because this is the way society is organized. Nomatter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and thereforedeserves our due respect. Society cannot function a single day withoutthe &34; jobs.
分析
1、這是一篇夾敘夾議文，概括前需找出：
（1） 文章敘述了什麼？
In modern society, many people&34;總分&34;總分總&34;分總&34;並列&34;觀點（或問題）、論據、結論&34;第三人稱&34;無人稱&34;觀點、論據、結論&39;s opinion, from one&39;s attitudes to dirt vary in different times.
towards
句型轉換
▲ People hold different opinions towards dirt over time.
▲ The attitudes to dirt is not always the same.
② In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
Have a try!
② In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
think: believe, hold, consider, insist, argue, are convinced….
同義詞替換
block out disease: prevent/protect/keep away … from illness;
One possible version:② In the 16th century, people believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
③…. dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.
wash off, get rid of
benefits, is beneficial to, does good to, contributes to…
One possible version:③ People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
④ Nowadays, … encourages people to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.
④One possible version:Nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
People are encouraged to…語態轉換
be exposed to..believe, support, agree, approve….
① People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.
② In the 16th century, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
③ People began to change their attitudes to dirt more than 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
④Nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
However,
Nevertheless/But/however
③ people
Add two linking words to make the passage coherentStep 4: Make the summary coherent
④ nowadays,
Step 5: Revise
( 67 words)
People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. In the 16th century, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. But nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
4 &34; : complete, correct, concise, coherent
Homework
Finish the summary writing of the following
Passage
閱讀短文，根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit
since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that
if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be
energetic(充滿活力的) the whole day. So, getting up
early is of great importance to us all.
In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning,
the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best
conditions(條件). Many of us may have the experiences
that we memorize some things more quickly and
accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.
If we do some morning exercise or only take a short
walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and
become much healthier. Also we will have enough time
to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of
the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late,
we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and
try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early
every day, we will certainly benefit(受益) a lot from it.
• Getting up early in the morning is a good habit and very
important, because in the morning we can have a better
memory, healthier bodies and better preparation for the day.
In addition, morning exercise can help us keep healthy. So, it
is beneficial to us.
參考範文
• It is important to get up early for people.
• In the morning, people can exercise their bodies through walking to
keep healthy. Also, people&34;對象十性質功用+利好&34;問題+解決方法&34;現象+原因+結果&34;eco-tourism&39;s tourismindustry—but in an era of growing environmental consciousness, it is not too difficult forus to imagine and work out the meaning of this new form of holiday.
Eco-tourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique flowers, plants,animals and the cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It is considered as a kindof responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration.Therefore, programs involving the conservation and preservation of some natural andcultural sites also form a part of eco-tourism.
Eco-tourism is developing at great speed. According to a report by the World TourismOrganization, eco-tourism in recent years has enjoyed an annual growth of about 5%worldwide. Over 80 activities have been listed for eco-tourism, such as bird watching,hiking, photography, mountaineering and participating in various kinds of local culturalevents.
Although big cities are still the major places that absorb tourists in our society today,it looks like some smaller towns and rural areas in ecological, cultural and historicalresources may well become the new destinations for people to visit tomorrow.
分析：
1、這篇文章的主題段在第二段及最後一段，主要告訴人們什麼是生態旅遊。因此，在概括時要把文章的主題段的中心話題&34;用自己的話表述出來。為避免抄襲嫌疑，原文的takesecology and culture into consideration可以用attracts tourists by natural and culturalheritage進行平行互換。
2、建議模板：建議用&34;，即：寫作對象+is…,which… 注意：
1）不必提及具體數字； 2）不能出現個人觀點字眼。如：I think/I agree with/I feel sorryfor…
Summary:
Eco-tourism is a new fast developing form of holiday which attracts tourists by naturaland
cultural heritage as well as historical resources. It can be a way to protect theenvironment.
五、常見錯誤
4.照抄原文中的句子。概要寫作的獨立性除了各個要點的獨立之外，其實還要求用自己的語言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。因此，切記要用自己的語言，而不是原文中的句子來概括要點。
1.不能準確抓住要點。概要寫作的重點是能概括出要點，如果要點弄錯了，那麼就失去了口標。如果不能抓住要點，句子寫得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要點是關鍵。抓準要點，除了讀懂文章的主旨，了解文章的結構，還要特別注意一些標誌詞，如小標題、高頻詞等。
3.各個要點的獨立性不夠。考試說明中對要點的獨立性有明確的要求。因此，我們對要點的陳述也要相對獨立，一般不要把幾個要點放到一個句子當中。
2.隨意打亂文章的結構。概要寫作一般會提供結構比較清楚的文章。而寫概要的時候，一般都是按照文章的結構去概括要點。不要輕易打亂文章的結構。
六、評分原則
1.本題總分為25分，按5個檔次給分。2.評分時，先根據所寫概要的內容和語言初步確定其所屬檔次，然後以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調整檔次，最後給分3.詞數少於30的和多於80的，從總分中減去2分。4.評分時，應主要從以下四個方面考慮(1)對原文要點的理解和呈現情況(2)應用語法結構和詞彙的準確性(3)上下文的連貫性;(4)對各要點表達的獨立性情況。5.拼寫與標點符號是語言準確性的一個重要方面，評分時，應視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。6.如書寫較差以致影響交際，可將分數降低一個檔次。
11-15分
21-25分
16-20分
1.理解準確，函蓋全部要點。2.能準確使用相應的語法結構和詞彙。3.有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結構緊湊。4.完全使用白己的語言
1.理解準確，函蓋絕大部分要點。2.所使用語法結構和詞彙可能有些許錯誤，但完全不影響意義表達。3.比較有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結構緊湊。4.有個別整句抄白原文
1.理解較為準確，湧蓋大部分要點。2.所使用語法結構和詞彙雖有些錯誤，但不影響意義表達。3.應用簡單的語句間連接成分，使上下文內容連貫。4.出現兩句以上整句抄自原文現象
6-10分
1-5分
0分
1.理解有誤差，僅湧蓋半數要點。2.有些語法結構和詞彙方面的錯誤，影響了意義的表達。3.較少使用語句間的連接成分，全文內容缺少連貫性。4.出現兩句以上整句抄自原文現象
白卷、內容太少無法評判或所寫內容與所提供內容無關。
1.沒有理解原文，造成概要內容與原文主題不符。2.有較多語法結構和詞彙方面的錯誤，嚴重影響了意義的表達。3.缺乏語句間的連接成分，全文內容不連貫4.多個句子抄自原文
THANKS