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高考真題
1.(2019·北京卷·語法填空)Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend,and it's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and________(meaning)college experience.
解析:考查詞性轉換。因and前為形容詞healthy,此處也應該用形容詞形式meaningful。
答案:meaningful
2.(2018·全國卷Ⅰ·語法填空)Running is cheap,easy and it's always________(energy).
解析:考查詞性變化。根據it's可知,系動詞後用形容詞作表語,故填energetic。
答案:energetic
3.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ·語法填空)A taste for meat is________(actual)behind the change:An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.
解析:考查副詞。句子結構完整,用副詞修飾句子。故填actually。
答案:actually
4.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ·語法填空)According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total________(globe)fertilizer consumption.
解析:考查詞性轉換。句意:中國約佔全球化肥總消費量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名詞短語,故應該用形容詞修飾。故填global。
答案:global
5.(2018·浙江卷·語法填空)The obvious one is money;eating out once or twice a week may be________(afford)but doing this most days adds up.There could be an even higher cost on your health.
解析:考查形容詞。此處表示一周一兩次外出吃飯是負擔得起的,系動詞be後用形容詞作表語,表示「負擔得起的」故填affordable。
答案:affordable
考點一 派生法
在一個詞的詞根之前或之後加上某個詞綴來生成一個新詞的構詞法,即稱作派生法。加在詞根之前的詞綴叫作前綴、加在詞根之後的為後綴。
1.形容詞變副詞的後綴
規則
示例
一般情況加ly
slow→slowly adv.緩慢地
common→commonly adv.普通地
immediate→immediately adv.立刻地
以「輔音字母+y」結尾,將y改為i然後加ly
happy→happily adv.高興地
steady→steadily adv.穩定地
busy→busily adv.繁忙地
noisy→noisily adv.吵鬧地
heavy→heavily adv.沉重地
healthy→healthily adv.健康地
以le結尾,去掉e加y
simple→simply adv.簡單地
gentle→gently adv.溫柔地
terrible→terribly adv.可怕地
possible→possibly adv.可能地
probable→probably adv.可能地
comfortable→comfortably adv.舒服地
以ic結尾,加ally
economic→economically adv.經濟地
scientific→scientifically adv.科學地
常考且易拼錯的副詞
rudely,truly,politely,widely,nicely,closely,fortunately,surprisingly,increasingly,hurriedly,shyly
2.動詞、名詞變形容詞的後綴
後綴
例詞
able
accept→acceptable可接受的
comfort→comfortable舒適的
fashion→fashionable時髦的
suit→suitable合適的
reason→reasonable有道理的
al
music→musical音樂的
origin→original最初的
person→personal個人的;私人的
center→central中央的;中心的
nature→natural自然的;天生的
form→formal正式的
nation→national全國的
ful
doubt→doubtful懷疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
harm→harmful有害的
hope→hopeful有希望的
peace→peaceful和平的
care→careful細心的
use→useful有用的
success→successful成功的
help→helpful有幫助的
ed
scare→scared感到恐懼的
confuse→confused感到困惑的
puzzle→puzzled迷惑的
worry→worried擔心的
bore→bored感到厭倦的
excite→excited激動的;興奮的
underline→underlined加下畫線的
ing
surprise→surprising令人驚訝的
convince→convincing令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying令人滿意的
worry→worrying令人擔心的
bore→boring令人厭煩的
ible
access→accessible容易達到的;容易取得的
horror→horrible可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible可怕的
ive
act→active積極的;活躍的
effect→effective有效的;生效的
attract→attractive有吸引力的
impress→impressive給人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意義的
expense→expensive昂貴的
ous
continue→continuous不斷的;持續的
anxiety→anxious憂慮的
caution→cautious十分小心的;謹慎的
curiosity→curious好奇的
humor→humorous幽默的
some
tire→tiresome令人厭倦的
trouble→troublesome麻煩的
y
taste→tasty美味的;可口的
health→healthy健康的
wealth→wealthy富裕的;豐富的
dirt→dirty有灰塵的;髒的
rain→rainy有雨的
snow→snowy有雪的
sun→sunny陽光明媚的
wind→windy有風的
cloud→cloudy陰天的
ern
east→eastern東方的;向東的
north→northen北方的;向北的
west→western西方的;向西的
south→southern南方的;向南的
ish
child→childish孩子氣的
fool→foolish愚蠢的;可笑的
self→selfish自私的
ic
science→scientific科學的
economy→economic經濟的
history→historic歷史上著名的
ary
imagine→imaginary想像中的
3.形容詞變名詞的後綴
後綴
例詞
age
short→shortage不足;短缺
cy
efficient→efficiency效率;功效
fluent→fluency流利;流暢
accurate→accuracy準確性
private→privacy隱私;私密
dom
free→freedom自由;自主
wise→wisdom明智;智慧
ence
different→difference差異
silent→silence沉默
ness
weak→weakness虛弱;弱點
kind→kindness仁慈;好意
careless→carelessness粗心大意
dark→darkness黑暗
th
strong→strength力氣;強項
warm→warmth溫暖;熱情
true→truth真實
wide→width寬度
y ty ity
cruel→cruelty殘酷;殘暴
safe→safety安全
disable→disability無能;殘疾
responsible→responsibility責任
4.動詞變名詞的後綴
後綴
例詞
al
approve→approval贊成;批准
arrive→arrival到來;到達
survive→survival倖存
propose→proposal提議;建議
ance
appear→appearance出現;外貌
guide→guidance指引;指導
perform→performance表演;節目
ence
exist→existence存在;生存
prefer→preference偏愛
refer→reference參考;查閱
ion
attract→attraction吸引
construct→construction建設
educate→education教育
evaluate→evaluation評估
graduate→graduation畢業
ation
expect→expectation期待;期望
explain→explanation解釋
consider→consideration考慮
imagine→imagination想像力
starve→starvation挨餓
invite→invitation邀請;請柬
(s)sion
discuss→discussion討論;辯論
decide→decision決定
admit→admission接納;準許入學
ing
hear→hearing聽力;聽覺
begin→beginning開始
ment
achieve→achievement功績;成就
argue→argument辯論;論據
treat→treatment對待;治療
equip→equipment設備
ure ture
fail→failure失敗;沒做到
press→pressure壓力
mix→mixture混合;混合物
depart→departure離開;出發
y
recover→recovery恢復;痊癒
discover→discovery發現
其他
grow→growth成長;發展
choose→choice選擇
vary→variety多樣化;種類
tend→tendency趨向;趨勢
5.表示「人」的名詞後綴
在某些形容詞、名詞或動詞後面加後綴變成具有某種職業或動作的人。常見的表示「人」的後綴有:
後綴
例詞
er
clean→cleaner清潔工
report→reporter記者
strange→stranger陌生人
or
invent→inventor發明者
visit→visitor遊客
direct→director導演
ar
lie→liar說謊者
beg→beggar乞討者;乞丐
ee
employ→employee僱員
interview→interviewee參加面試者
train→trainee受訓者;學員
ess
host→hostess女主人
act→actress女演員
ian
music→musician音樂家
politics→politician政治家
history→historian歷史學家
ist
art→artist藝術家
science→scientist科學家
piano→pianist鋼琴家
ant
serve→servant僕人
participate→participant參加者
assist→assistant助手,圖書管理員
6.表示否定或相反意義的前綴和後綴
前/後綴
例詞
前綴
dis
agree→disagree不同意
advantage→disadvantage缺點
appear→disappear消失
comfort→discomfort不舒適的
honest→dishonest不誠實的
il
legal→illegal不合法的
logical→illogical 不合邏輯的
im
polite→impolite無禮的
patient→impatient不耐煩的
moral→immoral不道德的
in
formal→informal非正式的
convenient→inconvenient不方便的
direct→indirect間接引起的
前綴
ir
regular→irregular不規則的
responsible→irresponsible不負責任的
mis
lead→mislead誤導
understand→misunderstand誤解
un
usual→unusual不尋常的
willing→unwilling不願意的
happy→unhappy不高興的
known→unknown不出名的
後綴
less
hope→hopeless絕望的
end→endless沒完沒了的
care→careless粗心的
help→helpless無助的
use→useless無用的
7.變動詞的前綴和後綴
前/後綴
例詞
前綴
en
able→enable使能夠
large→enlarge擴大
rich→enrich使充實;使豐富
danger→endanger危及
courage→encourage鼓勵
後綴
en
broad→broaden使變寬
ripe→ripen使成熟
sharp→sharpen使尖銳
wide→widen加寬
short→shorten變短
deep→deepen加深
dark→darken使變暗
hard→harden使變硬
後綴
ify
class→classify把……分類
just→justify證明……正確
simple→simplify簡化
beauty→beautify美化
ize
apology→apologize道歉
emphasis→emphasize強調
memory→memorize記住
real→realize認識到;實現
考點二 轉化法
轉化法是由一種詞類轉化為一種或幾種詞類的構詞法。這種構詞法詞形沒有改變,轉化後的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切聯繫。
轉化規則
例詞
注意
名詞→動詞
face(n.臉→v.面對)
shoulder(n.肩→v.肩負)
water(n.水→v.澆水)
back(n.背→v.支持)
name(n.名字→v.命名)
high,deep,
wide用作副
詞時表示具
體,而highly,
deeply,widely
表示抽象
動詞→名詞
look(v./n.)看
try(v./n.)嘗試
dream(v./n.)夢想
chat(v./n.)聊天
形容詞→動詞
empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)
slow(adj.慢的→v.減慢)
dirty(adj.髒的→v.弄髒)
warm(adj.暖的→v.使變暖)
high,deep,
wide用作副
詞時表示具
體,而highly,
deeply,widely
表示抽象
形容詞→副詞
hard(adj.難的→adv.努力)
high(adj.高的→adv.高)
deep(adj.深的→adv.深)
wide(adj.寬的→adv.寬)
詞性轉換解題「三步一提醒」
第一步:確定空處所填詞的詞性
一般來說,名詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語。動詞在句中一般作謂語。形容詞在句中作定語,修飾名詞;作表語,位於系動詞後;作賓語補足語,位於賓語之後。副詞一般在句中修飾動詞或形容詞、副詞,作狀語。
第二步:對所填詞進行轉換
正確使用前綴和後綴。一般來說,前綴只改變詞的意義,不改變其詞性;後綴改變詞性,而不引起詞義的變化。
第三步:確定所填的詞能讓整個句子意義連貫通順
提醒:如果提示詞為形容詞或副詞,有時考查的是其反義形式或形容詞或副詞的比較等級;如果提示詞為名詞,有時考查名詞的單複數。
[語法填空典例1](2020·湖北襄陽調研)The WHO announced,in 2014,a plan to fight obesity and invited governments to encourage its citizens to adopt a________(sense)diet and to take some exercise.
分析:分析句子可知,所填詞在句中作diet的定語,因此用其形容詞形式sensible。
[語法填空典例2](2020·廣東佛山教學質檢)During the teenage years,many young people can at times be difficult to talk to.They often seem to dislike being questioned.They may be________(willing)to talk about their work in school.
分析:分析句式可知空處填形容詞;根據句意可知此處表示「不樂意」,因此填unwilling。
Ⅰ.單句語法填空(用所給詞的適當形式填空)
1.Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________ (patient).
2.(2020·湖北宜昌月考)Almost all the fables he wrote are________(humor)and entertaining,appealing to people of all ages.
3.One's dream and ________ (ambitious) greatly depend on one's experience.
4.(2020·湖北七市聯考)Flowering in May,peonies' large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and________(rich) in traditional Chinese culture.
5.(2020·昆明調研)If it is your first trip to China,we________(sincere)suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing,Xi'an,Dunhuang,Urumqi and Kashi.
6.(2020·廣州調研)Some microbes can make you sick.People usually call these ones germs,________(lucky)for you,there are more helpful microbes,working together to keep you healthy,than bad ones.
7.(2020·安徽名校模擬)________(surprising),10% of these chefs said that their favorite meal of their entire lives was at a fast food restaurant!
8.(2020·江西名校質檢Ⅱ)Reading more can________(rich)your knowledge.
9.(2020·湖北五校期中聯考)Her dream is to become a________(music).
10.(2020·陝西榆林三模)Don't judge a person by his________(appear),which can be misleading.
1.解析:句意:無論什麼時候我犯錯,老師都耐心地把它們指出來。介詞with後應接名詞,patience「耐心」。
答案:patience
2.解析:考查詞性變化。and連接前後並列的句子成分,entertaining是形容詞,意為「給人娛樂的」,humor形容詞為humorous.句意為「他寫的幾乎所有寓言故事都很幽默並且有娛樂價值,吸引了各個年齡階段的人群。」
答案:humorous
3.解析:句意:一個人的夢想和抱負很大程度上取決於他的經歷。ambitious「有野心的」。這裡應填其名詞形式ambition「抱負」,作主語。
答案:ambition
4.解析:考查詞性變化。and連接前後並列的句子成分,prosperity為名詞,rich名詞形式為richness。
答案:richness
5.解析:考查詞性變化。副詞sincerely修飾動詞suggest。
答案:sincerely
6.解析:考查詞性變化。副詞修飾整個句子。句意為「一些微生物可能會讓你生病。人們通常稱這些微生物為細菌,對你來說幸運的是,你體內有更多有益的微生物,他們通力合作使你健康。」
答案:luckily
7.解析:考查詞性變化。副詞修飾整個句子。句意為「令人吃驚的是,百分之十的廚師說他們最喜歡吃飯的地方是快餐店。」
答案:Surprisingly
8.解析:考查詞性變化。情態動詞can後面需要接謂語動詞enrich。句意為「多讀書能豐富你的知識。」
答案:enrich
9.解析:考查詞性變化。冠詞後應該接名詞。句意為「她的夢想是要成為一名音樂家。」
答案:musician
10.解析:考查詞性變化。形容詞性的物主代詞後面應該接名詞,appear名詞為appearance.
答案:appearance
Ⅱ.語篇填空(用所給詞的適當形式填空)
A high school history teacher once told us,「If you make one close friend in school,you will be most 1.________(luck).A true friend is someone who stays with you for life.」 Experience shows that he was right.Good friendships are just not 2.________(easy) formed.
To most of us,friendships are thought very important,but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want.Are they to be close or kept at arm's 3.________(long)?Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface?For some people,many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that's all right.But at some point we need to make sure that our 4.________(expect) are the same as our friends' expectations.The sharing of personal experience is the surest way to 5.________(deep) friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and 6.________(act) in return.
What are some of the 7.________(difficulty) in forming friendship?The greatest is to expect too much too soon.Deep relationships take time.Another main difficulty is the 8.________(selfish) to think one 「owns」 the other,including his time and attention.9.________(similar),friendships need actions in return.In other words,you must give as much as you take.Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.Unless you spend 10.________(reason) time together,talking on the phone,writing letters or doing things together,friendships will die away.
答案:
1.lucky
2.easily
3.length
4.expectations
5.deepen
6.action
7.difficulties
8.selfishness
9.Similarly
10.reasonable
Ⅲ.語法與寫作
1.(2020·浙江卷)所以不要擔心我們的研究,你現在需要做的就是充分休息和健康飲食。
So don't worry about our study and all you need to do now is have__________and____________.
2.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)我志願幫助參觀者,介紹中國畫,傳播中國文化,加強世界文化交流。
I would like to volunteer to_____________,introduce_____________,spread Chinese culture,and________________.
3.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)但我們衷心希望您能給予我們指導和鼓勵。
But we__________________you will give us your____________________.
4.(2019·江蘇卷)正是所謂的「不便」,展示了中國幾千年歷史文化的豐富、精緻和濃厚的魅力。
It is just the socalled__________that displays the___________,_________and great__________of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years.
答案:
1.an adequate resta healthy diet
2.help visitorsChinese paintingsstrengthen world cultural exchanges
3.sincerely hopeguidance and encouragement
4.inconveniencerichnessdelicacyfascination