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18日,美國總統川普表示,他正在服用一種治療瘧疾的羥基氯喹藥物來預防新型冠狀病毒,儘管美國專家警告說,這種藥物存在潛在的致命副作用,很可能引發一系列心臟問題。本篇報導來自紐約時報New York Times,本文為節選,
長度大約為290英文詞,總結了12個知識點。建議學習時間30分鐘。President Trump said on Monday that he had been taking hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial drug the Food and Drug Administration warned could cause serious heart problems for coronavirus patients. He said he was taking the drug as a preventive measure and continued to test negative for the coronavirus.川普總統周一表示,他一直在服用羥基氯喹,一種曾被美國食品和藥物管理局警告可能會給冠狀病毒感染者帶來嚴重心臟問題的抗瘧疾藥物。他說,他服用該藥是作為一種預防新冠肺炎的措施,且自己(因此)在冠狀病毒檢測中持續呈陰性。
President Trump said on Monday [that he had been taking hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial drug the Food and Drug Administration warned could cause serious heart problems for coronavirus patients].首先確定句子的主幹成分。
President Trump為主語,
said為謂語。因此句子主幹為:President Trump said,川普說。接下來的on Monday,時間狀語,在周一。他說了什麼呢?中括號內為一個很長的賓語從句,表示說的內容。
that
he had been taking hydroxychloroquine, [
an antimalarial drug (the Food and Drug Administration warned could cause serious heart problems for coronavirus patients)]賓語從句的主語是
he,謂語是
had been taking hydroxychloroquine。他在堅持服用羥基氯喹。後面的中括號內為定語成分,包含一個定語從句 (小括號內):這是一種抗瘧疾的藥物,而美國藥監局曾經針對這種藥物發出警告,表明它可能給冠狀肺炎患者造成嚴重的心臟問題。醫學檢測中,陽性 (檢測出病毒) 用
positive表示,陰性 (未檢測出病毒) 為
negative。同時,
positive還可以表示樂觀的,積極的;
negative有悲觀的、消極的意思。
「I take it because I think I hear very good things. I want the people of this nation to feel good. I don’t want them being sick,」 Mr. Trump said at the end of a round table with restaurant executives at the White House. But Mr. Trump’s announcement surprised many of his aides and drew immediate criticism from a range of medical experts, who warned not just of the dangers it posed for the president’s health but also of the example it set.「我服用它,是因為我認為我聽說了一些非常好的東西。我希望這個國家的人民感覺良好。我不想讓他們生病。」川普在與白宮餐廳高管的圓桌會議結束時說。但川普的聲明讓他的許多助手感到意外,並立即招致了一系列醫學專家的批評,他們不僅警告了這一藥物對總統的健康構成的危險,還警告了川普此舉樹立的 (惡劣) 榜樣。我們可以看到,川普的話術非常有特點:詞彙簡單,句子超短,非常容易讓普通人理解。因為川普本身主打的就是反精英政治,自詡代表平民老百姓的利益,所以在話術上也可以營造了這樣的感覺。多聽川普的演講,你就能發現這種說話方式非常受美國的底層群眾的歡迎,即便是教育程度很低的人也能聽懂。這鞏固了川普的主要票源。圓桌會議的形式來源於英國著名統治者亞瑟王。亞瑟王跟騎士們開會採用圓桌,沒有所謂的「上座」,目的是為了展示與會者的座位和地位並無高下之分,人人可以平等發言。現代的圓桌會議沿襲了這一精神。
3. executive [ɪɡˈzekjətɪv] n. 主管;adj. 有執行權的executive作為名詞,表示「主管;高級主管」。作為形容詞,表示「有執行權的」。它來源於動詞
execute [ˈeksɪkjuːt] v. 執行。
CEO中的E代表什麼?對,就是
executive。CEO的全稱是Chief Executive Officer,執行長。執行對應的就是executive。
這個詞看上去是不是很眼熟?跟
aid [eɪd] n. & v. 幫助 只有一個字母只差,讀音也完全一樣。而在意思上,也跟aid很接近:aid表示幫助,而aide表示助手。這兩個詞是同源詞。前段時間有一則新聞,說美國副總統彭斯的助手感染新冠肺炎,使用的就是aide這個詞。
5. 固定搭配 draw immediate criticism from immediate [ɪˈmiːdiət] adj. 立即的;直接的
criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm] n. 批評
draw criticism from sb. 是一個固定用法,表示招致了某人的批評。加上
immediate,則表示迅速招致批評。It is likely to draw sharp criticism from environmentalists. A study of 96,000 hospitalized coronavirus patients on six continents found that those who received an antimalarial drug promoted by President Trump as a 「game changer」 in the fight against the virus had a significantly higher risk of death compared with those who did not. People treated with hydroxychloroquine were also more likely to develop a type of irregular heart rhythm, or arrhythmia, that can lead to sudden cardiac death, it concluded.一項基於六大洲96000名冠狀病毒住院患者的研究發現,那些接受了曾被川普總統推廣並稱為對抗病毒的「遊戲規則改變者」的抗瘧藥物的患者,與那些沒有接受的患者相比,死亡風險明顯更高。研究得出的結論是,服用羥基氯喹的人更容易出現心律不齊,或心律失常,從而導致心源性猝死。
A study of 96,000 hospitalized coronavirus patients on six continents
found [that those who received an antimalarial drug promoted by President Trump as a 「game changer」 in the fight against the virus had a significantly higher risk of death compared with those who did not]. 首先我們把所有修飾成分去掉,句子的主幹就變成了A study found。A study是主語,緊接著被一個定語成分修飾:of 96000 hospitalized coronavirus patients on six continents (基於六大洲96000名冠狀病毒住院患者的)。然後,我們再看found後面接了一個超長的賓語從句(中括號部分)。我們把整個賓語從句拿出來單獨分析:that
those who received an antimalarial drug (promoted by President Trump as a 「game changer」 in the fight against the virus)
had a significantly higher risk of death compared with those who did not.首先依舊是確定一下這個賓語從句的主謂:主語是
those who received an antimalarial drug,這其實是一個主語從句做主語,「那些接受了抗瘧疾藥物的人」。謂語是
had a significantly higher risk of death,「有了明顯更高的死亡風險」。其餘均為修飾成分:小括號裡的部分是一個定語從句,修飾antimalarial drug。這個藥物怎麼樣了呢?這個藥物「被川普稱為抗擊肺炎的遊戲規則改變者」。句子最後的compared with those who did not,是一個狀語成分,修飾整個句子,表示「跟那些沒有接受藥物的患者相比」。
這是一個非常地道的表達。
game changer不是字面的「遊戲改變者」,而強調的是「規則改變者」。表示某種東西能夠對局勢產生極大的影響。That may have been a good business model, but it wasn't exactly a
game changer. 這也許是一種好的商業模式,但不能真正改變遊戲規則。
3. compared with those who did not 省略用法compared with those who did not,如果寫成完整形式,應該是:
compared with the hospitalized coronavirus patients
who did not receive an antimalarial drug. 為了語言的間接性,這裡把重複的the hospitalized coronavirus patients用those代替,同時把did not後面的成分省略,形成了現在的樣子。
「My concern would be that the public not hear comments about the use of hydroxychloroquine and believe that taking this drug to prevent Covid-19 infection is without hazards. In fact, there are serious hazards,」 said Dr. Steven E. Nissen, the chief academic officer of the Miller Family Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute at the Cleveland Clinic.「我擔心的是,公眾沒有聽到有關使用羥基氯喹的 (專業) 評論,並且相信服用這種藥物來預防新冠肺炎感染是沒有危險的。」克利夫蘭診所米勒家族心臟血管與胸科研究所的首席學術官史蒂文·e·尼森博士說。
1. 虛擬語氣:the public not hear comments乍看之下,the public not hear comments是不是有點怪?似乎寫成the public
might not hear comments 或者the public
do not hear comments更加符合語言習慣。
但是要注意,這裡的the public not hear comments實際上是一個
虛擬語氣,用來表達假設性的情況。因此,句子使用了
動詞原形hear,而不添加任何情態動詞。表示否定時,
直接在動詞前加not,而不應用do not。所以,我們才看到了not hear這樣的表達方式。
hazard [ˈhæzərd] n. 危險,風險。同義詞是
danger [ˈdeɪndʒər] n. 危險;危險物。所以without
hazards也可以替換成:without
danger。記住hazard和danger這一對同義詞,學會替換,可以讓你的表達更加豐富。此前很火的電影/遊戲IP《生化危機》,英文原名就叫做
BioHazard。後來引進美國時因為已經有同名商標被註冊,改成了Resident Evil。
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