近日，韋氏詞典（Merriam-Webster）公布了2020年度詞彙：Pandemic（大流行）。
Pandemic這一詞，韋氏詞典官方給出的釋義為：an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (such as multiple countries or continents) and typically affects a significant proportion of the population. 指的是疾病的爆發，所發生的地域廣闊（如多個國家或大洲），通常影響很大一部分人口。
去年，韋氏（Merriam-Webster）詞典公布其2019年度詞彙：They.
無注釋原文：
'Pandemic' is, unsurprisingly, the Word of the Year for Merriam-Webster and Dictionary.com
CNN
You've probably heard the word near-daily since March. It's dominated nearly every corner of the world since. And there's no better word to sum up the unbelievable year that was 2020.
"Pandemic" is the Word of the Year for both Merriam-Webster and Dictionary.com. It informed top searches on both sites and reshaped the language we use daily, both companies said.
Merriam-Webster, the dictionary publisher, said people looked up "pandemic" with "remarkable frequency" throughout the year -- particularly on March 11, when the World Health Organization officially declared Covid-19 a pandemic. On that day, searches for "pandemic" spiked 115,806% compared to the same day in 2019.
Many of the other top searches on the site were related to the pandemic, including "asymptomatic," "quarantine" and, of course, "coronavirus." And because so many people flocked to Merriam-Webster to define "Covid-19," the mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus, the word was added to the dictionary within just over one month of its first use.
Dictionary.com said that "pandemic" -- its Word of the Year, too -- is the "defining context of 2020." Now, terms like "social distancing," "flatten the curve" and "herd immunity" aren't just used by health professionals -- the public understands them, too.
"Specialized lingo, spanning topics from epidemiology to social behavior, formed a shared -- and ever-expanding -- glossary for daily life," the online dictionary said in its announcement.
Both dictionaries also included "defund" among their top words of the year. The word reached a wider audience in June amid calls to "defund the police," or withdraw funding from police departments, after George Floyd was killed by police in Minneapolis.
The rest of the words both dictionaries chose read like a monthly guide to the year that was. President Donald Trump's impeachment trial dominated Dictionary.com's first two months of the year. And Merriam-Webster honored the late Kobe Bryant, who died in a helicopter crash in January, by highlighting his nickname, "Mamba."
- ◆ -
註：中文文本為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應
含注釋全文：
'Pandemic' is, unsurprisingly, the Word of the Year for Merriam-Webster and Dictionary.com
CNN
You've probably heard the word near-daily since March. It's dominated nearly every corner of the world since. And there's no better word to sum up the unbelievable year that was 2020.
自3月以來，你可能每天都會聽到這個詞。自此，它幾乎佔據了世界的每一個角落。而沒有更好的詞來概括2020年這不可思議的一年了。
表示「統治；控制」，英文解釋為「to have control over a place or person」舉個🌰：
He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting.
每次開會他都專橫跋扈，不讓他人講話。
"Pandemic" is the Word of the Year for both Merriam-Webster and Dictionary.com. It informed top searches on both sites and reshaped the language we use daily, both companies said.
Pandemic（大流行）是韋氏詞典（Merriam-Webster）和詞典網Dictionary.com的年度詞彙。兩家公司都表示，它影響了這兩個網站上的熱門搜索，並重塑了我們日常使用的語言。
1）作名詞，表示「（全國或全球性）流行病；大流行病」，英文解釋為「a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world」；
2）作形容詞，表示「（疾病）大規模流行的，廣泛蔓延的」，英文解釋為「(of a disease) existing in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals, or plants」舉個🌰：
In some parts of the world malaria is still pandemic.
在世界上一些地區瘧疾仍在大規模流行。
對比：
📍epidemic表示「流行病」，英文解釋為「a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community」，如：the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆發。
原意表示「通知，告知」，此外還有含義表示「對…有影響；影響著...」，英文解釋為「to have an influence on sth」舉個🌰：
Religion informs every aspect of their lives.
宗教影響著他們生活的各個方面。
📍此前在六級翻譯四大名著三缺一文中提到，These four novels form the core of Chinese classical literature and still inform modern culture. 這四部小說構成了中國古典文學的核心，至今仍在影響著現代文化。
Merriam-Webster, the dictionary publisher, said people looked up "pandemic" with "remarkable frequency" throughout the year -- particularly on March 11, when the World Health Organization officially declared Covid-19 a pandemic. On that day, searches for "pandemic" spiked 115,806% compared to the same day in 2019.
韋氏詞典表示，人們在整個一年中以「驚人的頻率」查找「Pandemic」一詞。--特別是在3月11日，世界衛生組織（World Health Organization）正式宣布Covid-19為大流行病。當天，與2019年同一天相比，「Pandemic」的搜索量激增了115806%。
昨天在劍橋詞典公布2020年度詞彙：Quarantine中出現的是名詞，可以理解為「峰值」或者「激增；猛增；急升」，英文解釋為「a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something」，如：a spike in oil prices 油價的急劇上漲。
此外也可以作動詞，同樣表示「激增」，英文解釋為「if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount 」舉個🌰：
New orders have spiked in the last two years.
新訂單在過去兩年裡激增。
Many of the other top searches on the site were related to the pandemic, including "asymptomatic," "quarantine" and, of course, "coronavirus." And because so many people flocked to Merriam-Webster to define "Covid-19," the mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by a coronavirus, the word was added to the dictionary within just over one month of its first use.
網站上的其他許多熱門搜索都與大流行（pandemic）有關，包括「asymptomatic（無症狀）」、「quarantine（隔離）」，當然還有「coronavirus（冠狀病毒）」。而因為有大量的人們湧向韋氏詞典來定義 「Covid-19」，即由冠狀病毒引起的輕度到重度呼吸道疾病，所以這個詞在首次使用後的一個多月內就被添加到詞典中。
asymptomatic /æˌsɪmptəˈmætɪk/ 表示「無症狀的」，英文解釋為「If someone with a disease is asymptomatic, it means that they do not show any symptoms of the disease.」
📍劍橋詞典的2020年度詞彙：Quarantine.
1）作名詞，表示「隔離，檢疫」，英文解釋為「If a person or animal is in quarantine, they are being kept separate from other people or animals for a set period of time, usually because they have or may have a disease that could spread.」舉個🌰：
She was sent home and put in quarantine.
她被送回家實施隔離。
2）作動詞，表示「對…進行隔離」，英文解釋為「If people or animals are quarantined, they are stopped from having contact with other people or animals. If a place is quarantined, people and animals are prevented from entering or leaving it.」舉個🌰：
Dogs have to be quarantined for six months before they'll let them in.
狗必須被隔離6個月後他們才會放它們進來。
表示「成群結隊地去，蜂擁而至」，英文解釋為「if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there」舉個🌰：
People have been flocking to the exhibition.
看展覽的人絡繹不絕。
respiratory /ˈrɛspərətərɪ/ 表示「呼吸的」，英文解釋為「connected with breathing」，如：the respiratory system 呼吸系統，respiratory diseases 呼吸道疾病。
Dictionary.com said that "pandemic" -- its Word of the Year, too -- is the "defining context of 2020." Now, terms like "social distancing," "flatten the curve" and "herd immunity" aren't just used by health professionals -- the public understands them, too.
詞典網Dictionary.com表示，「pandemic」--也是它的年度詞彙--是「2020年的決定性背景」。現在，像「social distancing（社交距離）」、「拉平曲線（flatten the curve）」和「herd immunity（群體免疫）」這樣的術語不只是衛生專業人員使用--公眾也能理解它們。
可以理解為「最典型的；起決定性作用的，關鍵性的」，英文解釋為「Something defining is essential to what something is. A defining moment in your life helps makes you what you are.」比如，defining moment 可以表示「轉折點；決定性時刻；關鍵性事件」（the point at which a situation is clearly seen to start to change）舉個🌰：
The end of the Cold War was a defining moment for the world in more ways than one.
從很多方面來講，冷戰的結束是世界的一個轉折點。
群體免疫的英文：herd immunity. 其中，herd一詞，我們此前在澳大利亞已射殺5000頭駱駝一文中就提到，Helicopter-borne marksmen killed more than 5,000 camels in a five-day cull of feral herds. 這裡的herd表示「獸群；牧群」，英文解釋為「a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together」，如：a herd of cattle/elephants/goats 一群牛/大象/山羊。
此處群體免疫中的herd指的是「人群；芸芸眾生」，英文解釋：a large group of people of the same type，如：普通百姓就是the common herd (= ordinary people)，隨大流就是follow the herd.
此外，群體免疫也可以用：community immunity, population immunity, 或者social immunity.
"Specialized lingo, spanning topics from epidemiology to social behavior, formed a shared -- and ever-expanding -- glossary for daily life," the online dictionary said in its announcement.
「專門術語，涵蓋了從流行病學到社會行為的主題，形成了一個共享的--並且不斷擴大的--日常生活詞彙表，」在線詞典網站在其公告中說。
表示「隱語；行話，術語」，英文解釋為「a type of language that contains a lot of unusual or technical expressions」如：internet lingo 網際網路術語。
ever-表示「不斷地；總是，始終」，英文解釋為「continuously」，如：The ever-increasing demand 日益增長的需求。
glossary /ˈɡlɒsərɪ/ 表示「詞彙表；難詞彙編」，英文解釋為「an alphabetical list, with meanings, of the words or phrases in a text that are difficult to understand」。
Both dictionaries also included "defund" among their top words of the year. The word reached a wider audience in June amid calls to "defund the police," or withdraw funding from police departments, after George Floyd was killed by police in Minneapolis.
這兩本詞典還將「defund」（撤回資金/停止資助/停止撥款）列入了它們的年度詞彙榜。喬治·弗洛伊德（George Floyd）在明尼阿波利斯（Minneapolis）被警方殺害後，這個詞在6月份從警察部門撤回資金（defund the police）的呼聲中得到了更廣泛的關注。
作動詞，表示「停止支付；停止為…提供資金」，英文解釋為「to stop providing the money to pay for something」舉個🌰：
She opposes any proposal to defund the commission.
她反對任何停止為委員會提供資金的提議。
區分：
📍refund才是表示「退還；退（款）；償付」（to give someone a refund），舉個🌰：
When I went on business to Beijing, the office refunded my expenses.
我到北京出差，費用由事務所報銷。
The rest of the words both dictionaries chose read like a monthly guide to the year that was. President Donald Trump's impeachment trial dominated Dictionary.com's first two months of the year. And Merriam-Webster honored the late Kobe Bryant, who died in a helicopter crash in January, by highlighting his nickname, "Mamba."
這兩本字典所選的其餘單詞看起來就像這一年的月度指南一樣。唐納·川普（Donald Trump）總統的彈劾審判案主導了Dictionary.com今年的前兩個月。而韋氏詞典為了紀念已故的科比·布萊恩特（Kobe Bryant），他在1月份逝於直升機墜毀事故，強調了他的綽號「曼巴」（Mamba）。
表示「彈劾；控告」，英文解釋為「The impeachment of a senior official is the process of charging them with a crime that makes them unfit for office. 」舉個🌰：
There are grounds for impeachment.
有數個彈劾的理由。
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