裘江南，楊暢，王婧賢
(大連理工大學 管理與經濟學部，遼寧 大連116024)
摘要：隨著Web2.0的發展，知識建構呈現出新的特徵：用戶不再是單純的知識「接收者」，還是知識「創造者」，知識建構由單向的認知建構向雙向的認知和社會協同建構轉變。本文在分析了Web2.0環境特徵的基礎上，結合認知建構主義與社會建構主義理論，提出Web2.0環境下的認知系統和知識系統協同建構模型，揭示了其中的認知與社會的協同建構機理。闡述了其中知識內化與知識外化的雙向建構過程，個體的認知系統是通過內部同化拓展認知結構，通過內部順應學習改變其認知結構，進而通過外部同化和外部順應建構知識系統。其中認知衝突能夠促進內部順應和外部順應的發生，是推動認知系統和知識系統協同演化的關鍵因素；而作為兩個系統相互作用的中介的交流與溝通則是解決個體之間以及群體之間認知衝突的主要方式。最後，以維基百科為例對模型進行了進一步的解釋。
關鍵詞：協同建構；Web2.0；認知建構主義；社會建構主義
主要研究結論與啟示：本研究基於認知建構主義與社會建構主義理論，結合Web2.0的環境中知識建構的新特徵，提出了Web2.0的環境下的認知系統和知識系統協同建構模型，並對其中的知識內化與知識外化的雙向建構機理、個人認知結構與知識系統之間的協同建構機理進行了系統的闡述，最後以維基百科詞條為例對整個協同建構過程做了進一步詮釋。
本文的主要研究結論包括：（1）Web2.0的環境下，認知系統和知識系統分別是基於認知建構和社會建構的，認知系統和知識系統在協同建構中兩者不斷向前演化。（2）Web2.0的環境下，知識內化和知識外化是認知系統和知識系統協同建構中的兩個重要過程。在協同建構過程中，認知衝突能夠促進內部順應與外部順應的發生，是推動認知系統和知識系統協同演化的關鍵因素；而作為兩個系統相互作用的中介的交流與溝通則是解決個體之間以及群體之間認知衝突的主要方式。
Collaborative construction mechanism of cognitive system and knowledge system under the Web 2.0 environment
Qiu Jiangnan, Yang Chang, Wang Jingxian
(Faculty of Management and Economics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China）
Abstract:With the development of Web 2.0, social software provides a platform for the interaction between cognitive construction of cognitive systems and social construction of knowledge systems. The two systems are no longer separated, and the construction of knowledge changes from one-way construction to collaborative construction. On the one hand, users construct knowledge systems. On the other hand, knowledge systems also affect users』 subjective knowledge structure. Since the cognitive construction of cognitive systems is unified with the social construction of knowledge systems, cognitive constructivism focuses on the process of construction from the outside, which we call it the "internalization of knowledge" process; while social constructivism focuses on the external construction process, we call it the "externalization of knowledge" process. The two processes alternate to promote the transfer forward of knowledge. This synergy and interaction between cognitive systems and knowledge systems makes knowledge construction a new feature: users are constantly participating in the construction of social knowledge while enriching and perfecting their own knowledge. They are not only the recipients but also the creators of information, and the knowledge construction is transformed from unidirectional (i.e. cognitive construction) to bidirectional construction (i.e. cognitive and social synergistic construction). Therefore, considering the combination of cognitive constructivism and social constructivism to study the mechanism of knowledge construction in the Web 2.0 environment has become a hot topic of the constructivism research.
Constructivism is a kind of conception or epistemology. It is a framework for formation, operation and nature of human thoughts, concepts and knowledge. In recent years, the study of constructivist theory has focused on two aspects: the first is cognitive constructivism based on individual construction and the second is social constructivism based on social construction. Among them, the main point of cognitive constructivism is that knowledge is the core, subjective and active construction of cognitive subjects and used to reflect individual experience, and only exists in the individual mind; social construction pays attention to the individual background and communication to the process of knowledge construction and its role is mainly focused on the use of language in the process of knowledge construction. At present, relevant researches on knowledge construction in the Web 2.0 environment are mainly divided into two categories: The first mainly studies the influencing factors and laws of the social construction of knowledge in the Web 2.0 environment on the construction of individual cognition; The second mainly studies the influencing factors and laws of the social construction of knowledge in the Web 2.0 environment on the construction of collective knowledge. Since cognitive constructivism mainly focuses on individual knowledge without considering the influence of environment, while social constructivism focuses on the background of individuals and the influence of communication, this paper combines cognitive constructivism and social constructivism to help elaborate the process of knowledge construction in the context of Web 2.0.
In the Web 2.0 environment, knowledge construction has become a bidirectional construction of internalization and externalization. It is a collaborative process of cognitive construction and social construction: when individuals have the need to acquire knowledge from the knowledge system, they internalize and reconcile the knowledge in the knowledge system through internal assimilation and internal accommodation to change or reorganize their existing cognitive structures; when users need to introduce their knowledge into the knowledge system and create knowledge through interaction, they will use communication and contribute your knowledge through external assimilation and external accommodation. Due to the openness of the Web 2.0 environment, the online community has a large number of individuals with cognitive structural heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of this cognitive structure leads to cognitive conflicts between different individuals on the same objective things. This kind of cognitive conflict will provide motivation for cognitive construction and social construction process in the community, which will promote the interaction and evolution of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. Therefore, the two processes of cognitive construction and knowledge construction must be closely combined to make the construction process clearer. In summary, in this paper, by combining the characteristics of the web 2.0, starting from the perspective of coordination, based on cognitive constructivism and social constructivism theory, we proposes a collaborative construction model of cognitive system and knowledge system in Web 2.0 environment, reveals the collaborative construction mechanism of cognition and society, and systematically expounds the bidirectional construction mechanism of knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization and the collaborative construction mechanism between individual cognitive structure and knowledge system. Finally, this paper uses the English Wikipedia article 「evolution」 as a research sample to conduct an in-depth analysis of the entire collaborative construction process of cognitive systems and social systems in the Web 2.0 environment.
This paper draws the following conclusions: (1) In the context of Web 2.0, cognitive systems is based on cognitive construction and knowledge systems is based on the social construction, respectively. Cognitive systems and knowledge systems are constantly moving forward in collaborative construction. (2) In the context of Web 2.0, knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization are two important processes in the collaborative construction of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. In the process of collaborative construction, cognitive conflict can promote the occurrence of internal accommodation and external accommodation, and it is the key factor to promote the coordinated evolution of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. Communication and communication as an intermediary between the two systems is the main way to resolve cognitive conflicts between individuals and between groups.
The academic contributions of this research are as follows:(1) From the perspective of constructivism, the collaborative construction model of cognitive system and knowledge system in Web 2.0 environment is proposed, which combines cognitive constructivism with social constructivism theory and reveals the bidirectional construction mechanism of knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization in the Web 2.0 environment; (2) combining the cognitive construction of individuals with the social construction of knowledge, expounding the driving force of the collaborative construction of cognitive systems and knowledge systems in the context of Web 2.0 and the mediating role of collaborative construction, reveals the mechanism of knowledge collaborative construction in the Web 2.0 environment, thus enriching the theoretical study of constructivism.
Keywords: collaborative construction; Web 2.0; cognitive constructivism; social constructivism
引用本文：裘江南,楊暢,王婧賢.Web2.0環境下的認知系統與知識系統協同建構機理[J].科研管理,2019,40(12):94-104.
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