169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅強。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你沒有夢想，那麼你只能為別人的夢想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. 只要你給自己機會，你會發現你的世界可以很美麗。173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. 贏與輸的差別通常是--不放棄。(華特·迪士尼) 174. I am ordinary yet unique. 我很平凡，但我獨一無二。175. I like people who make me laugh in spite of myself. 我喜歡那些讓我笑起來的人，就算是我不想笑的時候。176. Image a new story for your life and start living it. 為你的生命想一個全新劇本，並去傾情出演吧！177. I'd rather be a happy fool than a sad sage. 做個悲傷的智者，不如做個開心的傻子。178. The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. 未來屬於那些相信夢想之美的人。(埃莉諾·羅斯福) 179. Even if you get no applause, you should accept a curtain call gracefully and appreciate your own efforts. 即使沒有人為你鼓掌，也要優雅的謝幕，感謝自己的認真付出。180. Don't let dream just be your dream. 別讓夢想只停留在夢裡。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會發現原來在意的那些結根本算不了什麼。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關鍵都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點吧，管它會怎樣。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好計劃勝過明天的完美計劃。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！「不可能」的意思是：「不，可能。」(奧黛麗·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 無論多麼艱難，都要繼續前進，因為只有你放棄的那一刻，你才輸了。 When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high school, he wandered through the Midwest picking up work as a mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a 「repo man,」 picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah 「John」 Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mothe凝固的熔巖流。火星上常常有猛烈的大風，大風揚起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續數個星期。火星兩極的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測數據證明，在遠古時期，火星曾經有過液態的水，而且水量特別大。[51] 土星是離太陽第六顆行星，直徑120536㎞，體積僅次於木星。主要由氫組成，還有少量的氦與微量元素，內部的核心包括巖石和冰，外圍由數層金屬氫和氣體包裹著。地球距離土星13億公裡。土星的引力比地球強2.5倍，能夠牽引太陽系內其它行星，使地球處於一個橢圓軌道中運行，並且與太陽保持適當距離，適宜生命繁衍。當土星軌道傾斜20度將使地球軌道比金星軌道更接近太陽，同時，這將導致火星完全離開太陽系。[52] 土星是已知唯一密度小於水的行星，假如能夠將土星放入一個巨大的浴池之中，它將可以漂浮起來。土星有一個巨大的磁氣圈和一個狂風肆虐的大氣層，赤道附近的風速可達1800千米/時。在環繞土星運行的31顆衛星中間，土衛六是最大的一顆，比水星和月球還大，也是太陽系中唯一擁有濃厚大氣層的衛星。[53] 天王星是離太陽第七顆行星，51118km。體積約為地球的65倍，在九大行星中僅次於木星和土星。天王星的大氣層中83%是氫，15%為氦，2%為甲烷以及少量的乙炔和碳氫化合物。上層大氣層的甲烷吸收紅光，使天王星呈現藍綠色。大氣在固定緯度集結成雲層，類似於木星和土星在緯線上鮮豔的條狀色帶。天王星雲層的平均溫度為零下193攝氏度。質量為8.6810±13×10²⁵kg，相當於地球質量的14.63倍。密度較小，只有1.24克/立方釐米，為海王星密度值的74.7%。[54] 恆星 恆星 海王星是離太陽的第八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運轉的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉一周需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內部結構也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太陽系最強烈的風，測量到的時速高達2100公裡。海王星雲頂的溫度是－218 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發現，是唯一利用數學預測而非有計劃的觀測發現的行星。[56] 冥王星，位於海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內側，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。[57] 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，國際天文學聯合會大會24日投票決定，不再將傳統九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入「矮行星」。大會通過的決議規定，「行星」指的是圍繞太陽運轉、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統的「九大行星」中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由於其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動降級為「矮行星」。[59] 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%巖石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛星拍月球經過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛星拍月球經過地球，可見清晰月球背面 [60] 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機物質或是由宇宙射線引發的光化學反應。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們人類的家鄉，儘管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英國科研人員在《天體生物學》雜誌上報告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環境的事件發生，地球適宜人類居住的時間還剩約17.5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時間。[63] 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運動。[64] 科學家使用探測器對彗星的化學遺留物進行分析，發現其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛。科學家得出結論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。[65-66] 「67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克」彗星 「67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克」彗星 [67] 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個龐大的「奧爾特雲」。星雲內分布著不計其數的冰塊、雪團和碎石。其中的某些會受太陽引力影響飛入內太陽系，這學說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體運行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個小軌道作圓周運行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運動。幾百年之後，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯。科學家們又在這個模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運動。哥白尼想用「現代」（16世紀的）技術來改進託勒密的測量結果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達近20年的時間裡，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結果仍然與託勒密的天體運行模式沒有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個運行著的行星上觀察這些行星的運行情況會是什麼樣的。基於這種設想，哥白尼萌發了一個念頭：假如地球在運行中，那麼這些行星的運行看上去會是什麼情況呢？這一設想在他腦海裡變得清晰起來了。一年裡，哥白尼在不同的時間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識到地球不可能位於星星軌道的中心。經過20年的觀測，哥白尼發現唯獨太陽的周年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那麼宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發現才使牛頓有能力確定運動定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時代的產物，它就不能不受到時代的限制。反對神學的不徹底性，同時表現在哥白尼的某些觀點上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一個小的範圍內的，具體來說，他的宇宙結構就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了託勒玫的「九重天」，但他卻保留了一層恆星天，儘管他迴避了宇宙是否有限這個問題，但實際上他是相信恆星天球是宇宙的「外殼」，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運動，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學上根本性的革命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的裡程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學的道路，而且開創了整個自然界科學向前邁進的新時代。從哥白尼時代起，脫離教會束縛的自然科學和哲學開始獲得飛躍的發展。哥白尼的科學成就，是他所處時代的產物，又轉過來推動了時代的發展。順應時代變化 十五、六世紀的歐洲，正是從封建社會向資本主義社會轉變的關鍵時期，在這一二百年間，社會發生了巨大的變化。14世紀ndali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢裡。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會發現原來在意的那些結根本算不了什麼。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關鍵都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點吧，管它會怎樣。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. 「My parents were very open with me about that,」 he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. 「So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?」 the girl asked. 「Lightning bolts went off in my head,」 according to Jobs. 「I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, 『No, you have to understand.』 They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, 『We specifically picked you out.』 Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.」 Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. 「I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,」 said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. 「He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.」 Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. 「Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,」 he said. 「It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.」 Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs 「full of broken glass,」 and it helps to explain some of his behavior. 「He who is abandoned is an abandoner,」 she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. 「The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,」 he said. 「That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.」 Jobs dismissed this. 「There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,」 he insisted. 「Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I』ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.」 He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his 「adoptive」 parents or implied that they were not his 「real」 parents. 「They were my parents 1,000%,」 he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: 「They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.」 Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. 「Steve, this is your workbench now,」 he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. 「I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,」 he said, 「because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.」 Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. 「He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.」 His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. 「I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,」 Paul later recalled. 「He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進，才能保持平衡。(愛因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一種內心的感覺，並反映在你的眼睛裡。(索菲亞·羅蘭) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 當你真心渴望某樣東西時，整個宇宙都會來幫忙。echanical things.」 「I wasn’t that into fixing cars,」 Jobs admitted. 「But I was eager to hang out with my dad.」 Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. 「He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.」 Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. 「My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he』d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.」 Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. 「Every weekend, there』d be a junkyard trip. We』d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.」 He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. 「He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.」 This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. 「My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.」 The Jobses』 house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American 「everyman,」 Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. 「Eichler did a great thing,」 Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. 「His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.」 Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. 「I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,」 he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. 「It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.」 Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. 「He wasn’t that bright,」 Jobs recalled, 「but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, 『I can do that.』 He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.」 As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, 「What is it you don’t understand about the universe?」 Jobs replied, 「I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.」 He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. 「You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.」 Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne』er-do-wells tended to be engineers. 「When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,」 Jobs recalled. 「But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.」 He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. 「The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,」 he said. 「I fell totally in love with it.」 Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. 「You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,」 he recalled. 「It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.」 In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. 「Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,」 Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. 「So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.」 「No, it needs an amplifier,」 his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. 「It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.」 「I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, 『Well I』ll be a bat out of hell.』」 Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. 「He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.」 Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. 「It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.」 This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. 「Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.」 So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. 「I was kind of bored for the first few years
我們身邊總有很多家長認為，自己的孩子是被手機遊戲毀掉的。
要是沒有遊戲，我孩子就不會成績一落千丈
也不會整天無精打採、沒個人樣
更不會像現在這樣變得沒大沒小、性格極端暴躁
.
都是遊戲的錯！！！
然而，有個事實，家長們需要正視：
在毀掉孩子這件事情上，有時候手機遊戲遠遠比不上父母「輕描淡寫」的幾句話！
知名教育專家李玫瑾，曾經做過一個調查，針對的對象是1000名未成年孩子。
結果，在進行研究分析的過程中，她得出了一個驚人的結論：
相比遊戲等外界因素來看，經常被父母責罵的孩子出現性格缺陷的機率最大！
有25.7%的孩子「自卑、抑鬱」，有22.1%的孩子「冷酷」，有56.5%的孩子經常「暴躁」。
「我媽經常說我，養我還不如養條狗！」
「我媽說，數學再考差，就好回家種田了！」
「就因為我打碎了家裡的菸灰缸，我爸足足念叨了我一個星期，說我小腦是不是沒發育好，連個東西都拿不穩！」
.
這些話，說者無心，但聽者有意。
孩子們都不是機器，他們會思考、會聯想。
父母的每一句冷嘲熱諷，在孩子心裡就像扎了一根針一樣。
這種「懲罰方式」，雖然沒有造成身體上的傷痕，但孩子的心靈早已被傷得千瘡百孔。
所以，毀掉孩子一生的殺手，不是手機遊戲，不是貪玩，而是父母的「語言暴力」。
最冷酷的殺手
就是父母的語言暴力
全球兒童安全組織Safekids曾發布過這樣一則海報。
三個孩子，均被脫掉了上衣。
身上畫滿了父母對他們的「言語傷害」。
其中第一個孩子，拿著一份試卷，上面顯示他只考了26分。
預感到自己將會迎來一頓迎頭痛批，他非常緊張，整個人微微後縮，眼角下垂，看起來怯怯的樣子。
果然，父母看了試卷後，對他說：「你腦子讓豬吃了嗎？考成這樣，還有臉回家？」
他的內心，更加惶恐、自卑。
第二個孩子，拿著一個足球，神情中沒有像第一個孩子那樣的緊張和怯懦。
他剛剛和小夥伴贏得了一場球賽，看上去似乎還挺自豪，嘴角的笑容還沒消失，正準備等待父母的誇獎。
誰料一到家，他就被父母拎到一旁站著，一邊指指點點，一邊嫌棄地說：「沒見過這麼髒的孩子，你是從垃圾堆裡撿出來的？」
第三個孩子，眼神更加無助，楚楚可憐。
看得出來，他剛打碎了家裡的一個花瓶，於是低著頭，用小眼睛偷偷瞥著你，等待暴風雨的降臨。
父母的冷言冷語，如往日一般，席捲而來：「天天毛手毛腳，你上輩子是闖禍精啊？家裡有你，真倒大黴了！」
海報的製作人，刻意把這些話刻在了孩子的身上，就像傷疤一樣。
他用這種方式向全體父母提出警告：你輕描淡寫的幾句話，別不當回事，它們已經在孩子心裡烙上了難以磨滅的傷痕！
曾有多位育兒專家都已明確表示：其實語言暴力對孩子帶來的傷害，要比身體上的暴力更大。
而在中國，68%的家長都曾經在語言上傷害過孩子。
有些甚至是家長自己都沒意識到，但帶給孩子的傷害，卻是實打實的。
語言暴力
會讓孩子變成暴力狂
很多家長都不相信這一點。
但其實你長期對孩子語言暴力，也會讓孩子的性格變得越來越暴躁，最終控制不住自己，要麼做出傷害自己的極端行為，要麼走上違法犯罪的道路！
前段時間，有一段視頻在社交媒體上瘋傳：
在一個超市裡，孩子正在玩手機，父親實在看不下去了，就說了他幾句。
兩人起了爭執。
這時候，父親無意中想出「一招」激將法，對孩子說：有種你就去死啊。
隨後，從腰間拔出一支手槍，上好膛，放在櫃檯上。
他很篤定自己平日裡罵慣了的「窩囊」兒子，肯定不敢拿槍，於是還特意把扳機一頭朝向他，仿佛在挑釁一般。
但令父親萬萬沒想到的是，就在他轉身的一瞬間，孩子馬上拿起手槍，對準自己的腦袋，扣下扳機。
一切看起來行雲流水，孩子沒有絲毫猶豫！
父親痛苦地摔倒在地上，後悔莫及！
雖然這起事件發生在國外，但這位父親的做法在國內也極其普遍。
區別只是，國外的父親有槍，而國內沒有。
極端的父母不分國籍，從語言暴力上來看，都是一個樣子。
很多人不理解，怎麼一句看似普通的「有種你就去死啊」，就真的讓一個孩子拿起手槍自殺？
這句話，其實就是壓死駱駝的最後一根稻草。
父母平時的冷嘲熱諷，還有那些過激的話，都積壓在孩子身上，就像是一層層巨石，越壘越多。
直到孩子承受不住的時候，要麼毀滅自己，要麼毀滅他人。
瀋陽市心理研究所曾經做過這樣一個研究。
為了調查青少年犯罪的真相，他們找到六個在瀋陽看守所的少年罪犯，讓他們講述自己的故事。
我看了一下，發現這六個青少年罪犯提起最多的，就是父母曾對他們說的那些「難聽的話」。
「怎麼這麼笨」
「廢物」
「就知道吃」
「真是丟人」
「是人都比你強」
「怎麼不去死」
……
這些扎人的字眼，父母要說出口，只用花幾秒鐘。
但它們對於孩子的傷害，卻可以持久到一輩子。
孩子在成長過程中，對父母往往是極度信任的。
他們不會區分事實和玩笑！
當父母說他們「就像豬一樣」，他們就會真的認為自己很笨，很沒用。
當父母說「你怎麼不去死」，他們就會真的以為自己是多餘的，於是就發生了以上「孩子拿槍自殺」的悲劇！
在一些國內的新聞中，也發現因為父母的語言暴力，導致孩子自殺的案件多到令人心痛！
2019年4月，一名17歲的孩子，在途徑盧浦大橋時，與父母發生爭執，孩子立馬下車從橋上跳下去，鮮活的生命在5秒之內就沒了。
2017年1月，正好是大年三十，雲南鎮雄15歲的小孩，因忍不了父親的咄咄逼人，選擇服農藥自殺。遺書字字戳心：爸，我死了你就高興了……裡面寫滿了對父親的恨意，還有對世界的失望。
2016年四川達州渠縣的高三學生小斯，在剛結束高考的第三天，因被父親辱罵，當天失蹤。
三天後在渠江發現其身體。在自殺的前一晚，曾在qq空間發表過十幾條說說，寫道：「他想得到父母的愛，卻永遠得不到。」
還有成都14歲女孩小盈，因回家太晚，被父母瘋狂批評，後來女孩從6樓縱身跳下，搶救無效身亡。
很多父母其實都有這樣的想法：認為自己生的孩子，隨便怎麼罵都無所謂。
然而，他們實在高估了孩子的心理承受能力！
孩子的內心並沒有那麼強大，他們會玩笑當真，會把責罵當做一種羞辱，會把語言攻擊當做對自己人格的踐踏。
久而久之，他們會覺得父母並不愛自己，不如一死了之，成全父母的「心願」。
接納孩子的缺點
收斂自己的情緒
家長們，
我知道，在每個父母心裡，都住著一個完美小孩。
他能文能武，成績優秀，帥氣可愛，懂事孝順，談吐優雅，聰明伶俐.
很多家長都會忍不住拿這套標準來教育自己的孩子，試圖讓孩子按照自己心中的那個模樣成長。
但我想說的是，這樣的孩子根本不存在！
人不可能是完美無瑕的。
尤其是對成長中的孩子來說，犯錯也是他們認知世界的一部分！
所以，家長們，請對自己的孩子再寬容一點。
教育，講究的是循循善誘，引導他們朝正確的方向成長。
而不是你拿著棍子、刀子，硬逼著他們變成你想要的樣子。
要學會跟孩子溝通，首先就要把他們當做一個「人」來平等對待，尊重他們的看法，要選擇相信他們。
愛迪生曾經也被老師認為是「低能兒」，還被學校開除了。
但她的母親並不這樣認為：
「明天起，你就不要到學校去了，我從來不認為你是什麼低能兒。你很聰明，這一點我一直非常肯定。
我一定會把你教育成世界上最厲害的人物。你有信心嗎？」
愛迪生受到母親的鼓舞，也志氣大漲，之前被學校開除的喪氣一掃而空。
他向母親發誓，自己一定會做出一番大事業，讓學校和老師後悔開除我。
後來，愛迪生真的成功了。
他說，這一切都要感謝自己的母親，從來沒有不信任自己，就算過程中犯了錯，也會不停給予鼓勵和包容。
這在一定程度上，給了自己足夠的信心去試錯和成長。
每個孩子從出生開始，都是一張白紙。
而父母就是作畫的人，白紙變成什麼樣，關鍵在父母。
如果你帶給孩子的是辱罵、是諷刺、是責怪，那麼孩子的人生和態度最終也會充滿負面情緒。
如果你是真的愛孩子，那請選擇讓彼此都舒服且受益的方式來進行教育吧。
1. 降低聲調，讓孩子更集中注意力聽
有的家長在批評孩子的時候，往往採取「先發制人」的方法，大聲呵斥，以求先鎮住孩子。然而，他們往往收到了相反的效果，孩子要麼大聲哭鬧，要麼使用高聲調反抗。
降低聲音，不但可以約束自己，控制情緒，還可以降低孩子的反抗。
通常當家長說話聲調低，孩子也會因此更集中注意力聽，他們雖然明白自己是在被教育、被批評，但內心仍感覺是被尊重的，因而也更容易接受家長的意見。
2. 運用正確的語氣和措詞
運用恰當的語氣和措詞、低聲調，可以調節情緒、趕走憤怒。
作為孩子人生中最早、任教時間最長的老師，家長的言行對孩子日後性格的形成影響非常大。一般情況下，遇事暴躁、不冷靜、喜歡開口就大聲責罵的父母，其孩子日後性格暴躁的機率也會更大。
3. 把否定換成鼓勵和肯定
孩子成績差，但如果相比上一次有進步，依然值得肯定，所有人的成長都需要一步步來。
孩子做錯了事，相比責罵，先找到他做錯事的原因，觀察他做錯事後的表現，再思考該怎樣讓他改正錯誤，而不是一看見錯誤就瘋狂批評。
4. 獎罰分明，樹立原則
孩子如果對某些錯誤一犯再犯，咱們不妨事先和他約定好獎罰規則，表現好有獎勵，表現不好有懲罰。
獎罰分明也能讓孩子變得更有動力去做好一件事，也能在潛移默化中樹立父母的威信，這比語言暴力有用得多。試著去理解一下孩子，正如我們都希望，孩子能多理解一下父母。
如果你也認同文章的觀點，記得在文末點個「在看」，希望所有家長在面對自己孩子的時候，不再被負面情緒裹挾，而是都能不自覺得溫柔起來。