【科技】特斯拉VS蔚來:世界最大電動汽車市場爭奪戰

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正文翻譯

When Jeff Shaw needs to get his car refueled, he doesn't go to a gas station and not always one that charges electric vehicles. In stead he goes to a battery swap station. In about five minutes, he can have his EV battery replaced with a fully charged one that has a driving range of up to 260 miles, more than enough for the 42 year old's daily commute to work.
JEFF SHA :" That's way faster than the gas station experience I think."

當傑夫·沙（音）需要給他的愛車「加油」時，他不會去加油站，也並不常去電動汽車的充電站。與眾不同地，他去的是一個「換電站」。只需大約5分鐘，他就能給自己的電動車更換一個滿電量電池，續航裡程可達260英裡（約416公裡），足夠這位現年42歲的男士日常工作通勤所需。
沙先生：「我感覺這比去加油站加油快多了。」

Sha is driving a NIO, a rising star in China's electric vehicle market. At the end of 2020, NIO is worth more than general motors, ranking as the world's fifth most valuable automaker, and that has a lot to do with its batteries and it's vehicle-battery separation solution. In other words, a NIO customer doesn't need to buy the vehicle with the battery. And so far, it's the only automaker in China to do this. Many investors say NIO's commercial strategy is revolutionary.

沙先生駕駛的是一輛蔚來電動車——一款中國電動車市場上的新星。到2020年底，蔚來的市值已經超過通用汽車，成為全球第五大「最有價值汽車製造商」，而這與它的電池技術及獨特的「汽車-電池分離」解決方案密不可分。換句話說，蔚來的客戶在購買汽車時，將無需同時購買電池。截至目前，它還是唯一一家這麼做的汽車製造商。許多投資者表示，蔚來的商業策略是革命性的。

NIO isn't the first electric company to try switching out the battery. In 2013, Tesla demoed its battery swap technology and the following year built a trial swap station in California. But Tesla later dropped the project saying drivers weren't interested in swapping their batteries, because the supercharging stations were fast enough, even as these charges can take more than 75 minutes to fully power a car.

然而，蔚來並非首家嘗試「電池更換」方案的電動車公司。2013年，特斯拉就演示了其電池更換技術，並於第二年在加州建立了一個試驗性電池更換站。但特斯拉後來放棄了該項目，稱車主們對這種方案不感興趣，因為「超級充電站」的速度已經足夠快——即使（當時）這些充電站可能需要超過75分鐘才能為一輛特斯拉電動轎車充滿電。

Despite tesla pulling the plug on battery swaps, its Chinese rival NIO is moving ahead with the technology. The concept of battery swapping is fairly straightforward. The actually implementing it and making a viable business out of it is quite a bit more complicated. Batteries are single most expensive component in an EV, but the problem is, batteries are also still in a rapid stage of development. And so, today manufacturers have been reluctant standardize anything.

然而，特斯拉的中國競爭對手，蔚來卻看中了這一技術。電池更換從技術上說其實相當簡單，但要把它推廣成為一種實用的業務卻要複雜得多。電池是電動汽車中最昂貴的部件，而問題的關鍵是，車用電池技術仍處於快速發展階段，汽車製造商們眼下並不樂意就電池技術確立任何標準化的東西。

But NIO is choosing to standardize the battery. So while most electric vehicles have battery packs that are uniquely designed, for specific models and are built into the cars, NIO has one battery pack that fits into all its models. And its battery costs about ten thousand seven hundred dollars. So that means NIO's cheapest model which costs aroundd fifty two thousand dollars gets a twenty percent discount if buyers choose to skip the battery. The company said a third of its customers are buying cars without the battery.

但蔚來仍選擇了電池標準化的道路。因此，儘管大多數電動汽車的電池組都是針對特定車型設計、並內置在汽車裡，蔚來的所有車型卻都將使用同一款電池——一款售價大約在10700美元的車用電池。這就意味著，購買一輛售價最低的蔚來車（價格約52000美元）時，如果買家選擇「換電」方案從而放棄購買電池，就相當於直接打折20%。蔚來表示，已有三分之一的客戶選擇了這種方案。

For a flat fee of about a hundred fifty dollars a month, NIO drivers can get six battery replacements at more than 160 battery swap stations across China.
NIO drivers also have other battery options like charging at home or using an app to request a charging track to show up. But its services and stations in China fall far short of what's needed to convince the world's largest EV market to uptake battery swap vehicles.

每月支付約150美元費用，蔚來車主就可以在全中國已有的160多個電池更換站，（每月最多）更換6個電池。蔚來車主當然還有其它選項，比如在家充電，或使用APP預訂充電服務等。
然而，蔚來目前的服務規模和站點數量，還遠遠不能說服當今世界最大的電動汽車市場接受電池更換方案電動程度。

蔚來電池更換站分布

特斯拉超級充電站分布

Just compare the number of NIO's battery swap stations to Tesla's supercharging stations in the country, and the more than 2000 stations it has worldwide. And this is where the government comes into play.

看一看蔚來的電池更換站數量及分布，再比較一下特斯拉在中國的「超級充電站」數量和分布——更不用說後者遍布全球的2000多個站點。

In the long run, government policy will likely determine how the EV industry in China develops.

而這裡，就到了政府發揮作用的時候：從長遠看，很可能是政府的政策決定著中國電動汽車產業的發展方向。

Battery swapping is getting a push this year. For the first time, the technology was mentioned in China's annual policy blueprint. There's also a subsidy that seems designed to help NIO. Consumers who purchase battery swap vehicles with a minimum driving range of 250 miles, can receive about 3,500 dollars in subsidies. However, EV without battery swaps can only qualify if priced below 46,000 dollars. Tesla had to cut the price of its model 3 in China by 10% to meet that threshold.

電池更換概念在今年得到了全面推動。中國政府在其年度經濟藍圖中首次提到了這項技術。一些補貼政策的出臺似乎也是為了幫助蔚來：消費者購買「換電」車型，只需達到最低續航裡程250英裡（400公裡）便可獲得3500美元補貼；而相對地，非「換電」型號電動車，則需整車價格超過4.6萬美元才能享受該補貼。為了滿足這一補貼門檻，特斯拉不得不將在中國出售的Model3降價10%。

This type of support has persuaded other Chinese automakers to signal that they too could adopt the technology. They'll take a critical mass of automakers to commit before China runs in battery swaps.

這種政策支持已經開始說服其它中國汽車製造商考慮採用電池更換技術。要在全中國普及該方案，必須先讓絕大多數的汽車廠商採用該技術。

But beijing isn't only supportive of NIO.

但北京也並不僅僅為蔚來提供支持。

"We want to very much say thank you and appreciation for the Shanghai government and the support." About one year after tesla started building its gigafactory in Shanghai, it started delivering model 3 sedans in China. Far outpacing the sales of NIO vehicles. NIO is still playing catch-up, but Jeff Sha is betting on the future of the Chinese startup.

埃隆·馬斯克：「我們非常感謝上海政府，感謝他們的支持。」特斯拉在上海建成超級工廠一年後，Model3轎車開始在中國生產。截至目前，其銷量已遠遠超過蔚來。蔚來仍需迎頭趕上，但傑夫·沙對這家中國初創企業的未來充滿信心：

"NIO is absolutely in the front line of our state of art. It's more than a brand, it's more than a vehicle."

沙先生說：「蔚來絕對是處於我們這個時代技術最前沿的企業，它已經不僅僅是一個品牌，不僅僅是一輛車。」

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評論翻譯

Lei Chen
My opinion, it is good for consumers, however for each car you sell, you'll have to produce 1.3-1.5 battery and battery is the most expensive part of the car. Not to mention you'll have to have workers maintaining those machines, the cost is hugely added. That's why I personally feel NIO can't go bigly like Tesla's scale, and in the tech industry, the big one eats most of shares, like TSMC, Apple.

在我看來，這對消費者來說是件好事，但（對生產商而言）你每賣出一輛車，就得生產1.3~1.5節電池，而電池是電動車最昂貴的部分。更不用說你還需要工作人員來維護這些更換電池的機器，成本又要高出一大截。因此我個人估計，蔚來恐怕無法發展到特斯拉那麼大的規模。而在科技行業，成為行業最大就能吃掉市場利潤的絕大部分，例如臺積電，例如蘋果。

Batheand Y?ld?z
you see it may work well with china because the government is funding it so chinese people won't pay a lot for these battery swap places but otherwise it's too expensive to build for everyone, and covering everywhere

看起來，這種方案在中國可能運作得挺好，因為有政府為它提供資金，所以中國的消費者不必為這些電池更換站支付太多費用；但在其它地方，對於消費者來說就太昂貴了，而且覆蓋率也很難提高。

jctai100
I could see this in America too

我倒是覺得在美國也行得通。

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Aaron S
Only 3% of Chinese housing are single-family houses. Most people live in condos and apartments, it's extremely scarce for Chinese EV owners to charge at home overnight. Unlike the U.S., this is why NIO pushes battery swapping.

在中國，只有...%的家庭擁有獨棟住房。大多數人都生活在公寓樓裡，因此和美國完全不同，中國電動車車主很少有（在自家車庫裡）給他們的電動車進行隔夜充電的。這才是蔚來推廣電池更換計劃的主要原因。

Marius Wong
though many Chinese lives in apartments, most of them will buy an underground parking spot which means that it’s feasible to install charging gears. I just think that the meaning of this battery-swapping technology is to keep the value of your EV in the long run when using it.

儘管許多中國車主住在公寓樓，但他們中的大多數都會給自己的愛車購買一個地下停車位，也就是說並非不可以安裝用於隔夜充電的裝置。我倒是覺得，這種更換電池技術的真正意義在於更有利於你的電動車在長期使用下更好地保值。

John Gui
@Marius Wong true, but depending on where you live a parking spot could cost a lot.

@Marius Wong，沒錯，但這要看你住在那裡。（地方不同）停車位可能會貴很多。

Thomas Reese
Chinese drivers also tend to drive much shorter distances, with city driving being very low speed. Electric cars are super efficient for that use case and don't require frequent charging

中國車主還更傾向於短距離駕駛，在城區的行車速度也非常低。電動汽車在這種駕駛條件下效率極高，且無需頻繁充電。

Gautam Shah
Imagine waiting in line for 30 minutes for battery swap every other day before going to work. Versus just having it charged in your garage or wherever you parked while you sleep. Battery swapping is most impractical thing ever.

想像一下，每隔一天，在上班前你就得排30分鐘隊換一次電池——而不是在你的車庫或哪個停車點、在你睡覺時就已經充好……電池更換是一種最不切實際的方案。

Yifu Wu
@Gautam Shah actually nio has the service to charge you car for you when you are working or doing you own stuff.Place the order within app and their staff will drive your car to the closest charging or battery swapping station and return to you after everything’s done

@Gautam Shah，但實際情況是，蔚來已經能提供一種專門服務，就是在你工作或做其它事情時，利用空隙為你的車充電。只需通過你的手機APP下訂單，他們的工作人員就會把你的車開到最近的充電站/電池更換站，並在完成作業後幫你開回來。

runze sun
@Terje Oseberg The solution for China is easier, because those condos or apartments are sold as property and parking spots are also sold as property, so Tesla can install these charging station at people’s parking spot. But in NA, most condos are rented and people have to use public charging station.

@Terje Oseberg，「過夜充電」方案其實在中國反而更容易實現。因為在中國，公寓套房是直接作為物業出售的，停車位往往也是物業附帶的一部分，所以特斯拉可以方便地給人們的停車位安裝充電樁。但在北美，大多數公寓樓都是用來租住，人們不得不去使用公共充電站。

Yiyang Shui
it doesn't work this way, most people that buy EV can afford a semi-permanent parking spot underneath their apartment, and charging stations can be built for each of them, so a lot more people still buy tesla over NIO...I prefer NIO though, for its premium features

不是這麼回事。大多數會買電動車的中國人，也都能負擔得起公寓樓下面的半永久性停車位，且每個停車位都可以安裝專屬的充電樁，所以在中國更多人還是購買特斯拉而不是蔚來……不過我倒是更喜歡蔚來，因為它卓越的性能。

Terje Oseberg
@Yiyang Shui, Yeah, because they won't get a permit for the car if it's not electric, and NIO currently doesn't have sufficient manufacturing capacity to supply the demand. What happens when they do? Then they'll all stop buying Teslas. I wonder what's going to happen to Tesla's stock then?

@Yiyang Shui，沒錯，但那是因為他們如果不買電動車，就拿不到牌照，而蔚來目前的產能又跟不上這一市場需求。一旦蔚來的產能上來了，會怎樣？他們恐怕就不會再買特斯拉了。我很好奇，到時候特斯拉的股價會怎麼走？

LouisChiaki
While I working in Silicon Valley as a software engineer, I can't even afford a house to install Tesla charger at my home...

好吧，我是一名在矽谷工作的軟體工程師，然而我也買不起獨棟住房，別說在自家安裝特斯拉充電樁了……

Terje Oseberg
@LouisChiaki, Yup. It’s expensive. The wire costs about $3 per foot.

@LouisChiaki，就是，貴得要命，光電線每英尺就要3美元。

JianYang
@Terje Oseberg In China we only pay about $1500 for a Tesla charger installed in the private apartment parking space. And free for Nio and Xpeng chargers to be installed. I guess our government just paid for it or cut their taxes for installing it.

@Terje Oseberg，在中國，我們如果要在公寓樓的私人停車位安裝特斯拉充電樁，只需支付約1500美元。如果安裝蔚來或者小鵬的充電樁甚至都是免費的。我猜這是由於我們政府直接買單或者有降稅優惠等措施的緣故吧。

ah haha
You can still charge the battery at home, but now it just gives you more option of swapping the battery in case people needs to charge it up immediately such as you are on a business trip and you need charge battery as quick as possible. Even in the us, majority of shopping mall and hotel don't have a place to charge your vehicle.

你仍然可以在家給自己的蔚來車充電，現在只是多了一個選擇——直接更換電池，以備車主需要在極短時間裡完成充電，例如當你因公務駕車出行時，就需要趕時間。而即便是在美國，大多數購物中心、酒店周圍也沒有能給電動車充電的地方。

----3----
Himy Bell
The best thing about battery swap is your never stuck with a battery that’s at the end of its life cycle

電池更換方案最好的一點，是你再也不會為一枚使用壽命即將耗盡的電池而煩惱了。

Refaad Mirando
And you automatically get the latest battery technology as it arrives

而且你還能自動享受到最新的電池技術

VK Musique
Do you know of many Tesla owners who are ? stuck with a battery that’s at the end of its life cycle ? ?

你認識幾個特斯拉車主有「在為一枚使用壽命即將耗盡的電池而煩惱」的？

Daniel Mears
Nio wouldn't have survived at all without government bailouts, and it appears to be relying strongly on the government supporting its infrastructure moving forward. In other words, it has a rather weak foundation and not much potential outside of China.

如果沒有政府救助，蔚來早就活不下去了，而且它顯然仍非常依賴政府提供的基礎設施發展支持。換言之，蔚來的根基相當薄弱，出了中國，它就沒多大市場潛力了。

Julian HADDAD
Nio's EV production is 97.5% automated. It has the battery swap technology and every feature Tesla has, but at a much cheaper price.
as tech gets better and supply goes up, the latest battery tech would be the same price of the previous battery, if not cheaper

蔚來的電動汽車已經實現了97.5%的自動化生產。除了電池更換，它還擁有特斯拉有的每一項電動車技術，但價格卻更便宜。
而隨著技術進步和供貨量不斷增長，最新的電池即便不能更便宜，也不會比以前生產的更貴。

Rahul G R
@christopher tran Allowing third party battery support will open up a lot of possibility and innovation. This is the way unless fast charging can catch up.

@christopher tran，如果是允許第三方提供相關服務，一下子還能打開許多可能性和創新點。這（電池更換方案）的確是一條可行之道，除非快速充電技術能趕上（更換電池的速度）。

motofan16
Don’t forget that NIO cars do have access to fast chargers as well.

別忘了蔚來汽車同樣有快速充電技術。

----4----
Haris Patsos
"Tesla vs. Nio" is misleading for present day - maybe it will be accurate in 2030. Today it's "Tesla and Nio vs ICE cars".

至少目前，「特斯拉VS蔚來」是一個誤導性命題——也許到2030年這樣說沒錯。但今天，應該是「特斯拉+蔚來 VS 內燃機汽車」

This is Yams
I would love to see a world that has multiple EV companies creating competition and innovation, ultimately replacing all gas vehicles

我多麼希望看到這樣一個世界：若干家能為市場帶來競爭和創新的電動汽車公司，最終取代掉所有的化石燃料車。

The Supreme Archailect
Cooperation will always be superior to competition.

合作總是比競爭更好。

Pandu Perdana Putra
Cooperation can leads to monopoly

但合作也可能導致壟斷。

Talha Mirza
Neither you nor I will be alive to see the global EV fleet surpass 50% of all cars.

你我恐怕都活不到能見證全球電動車佔比超過50%的那一天。

----5----
958895 Liu
BYD is the most popular electric car in China, in 2019 they sell more cars than tesla in China , Nio is nowhere near BYD. I really don't know why western media keep talking Nio.

比亞迪才是中國最受歡迎的電動汽車品牌，2019年他們在中國的銷量也超過了特斯拉，蔚來則遠不如比亞迪。我真不明白為什麼西方媒體卻一直那麼喜歡談論蔚來。

OmaeWa Mou Shindeiru NANI?
To inflate another bubble. My grandparent saw the 08 crash 01 dot com japan 1990 bubble he said this is the same. EV bubble many people are going to lose 70% of their wealth for 4-5 years at least.

為了吹出又一個泡沫呀。我爺爺/外公見證了08年的金融崩潰，見證過1990年的日本股災……據他所說，現在的情況一模一樣。電動汽車泡沫破滅的那一天，許多人（投資者）將至少損失其財富的70%，4~5年爬不起來。

Alex
NIO is more of a luxury EV like Tesla, most EVs from BYD are lower end models that in a popular style

因為蔚來和特斯拉更類似，屬於電動汽車中的「奢侈品」；而比亞迪生產的絕大多數電動車型，都相對低端、大眾化。

Booneu Seow
The battery swapping is very good solution, I will buy EV with that services.

電池更換方案真的很不錯，是我就會買提供這種服務的電動車。

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