導 語
學術英文寫作能力對於每一位科研從業者都至關重要。實驗如魚得水，數據豐富高大上，再配上準確清晰的英文寫作，方能在學術界行走自如。而詞彙是英文寫作的基礎，豐富的詞彙量不僅能增加文章表達的多樣性，更可以提高描述的準確性以及文章的可讀性。
目前市面上已有各種秘籍介紹寫作套路，通常都是簡單羅列意思相近的詞彙。為了避免生搬硬套導致的表達生硬、意思模糊等問題，筆者從正刊論文入手，通過精讀拆解發表在頂級期刊上的論文，梳理學術英文寫作的邏輯，同時歸納總結常見語境下的表達方式，希望能對讀者英文寫作有所啟發和助益。
本次選取的文章是近期發表在《cell》上的「Therapy-Induced Evolution of Human Lung Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing」 ，該研究利用當今最火熱的單細胞測序技術，揭示了肺癌患者中的複雜的腫瘤微環境系統。本篇論文的寫作言簡意賅，在寫作結構上具有較強的代表性和指導性。
首先我們來學習下摘要部分：
a) Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood.
leading cause of…的主要原因,可用the major cause替代，解釋原因還可以用以下表達：
be an important/a key factor, a result of, the reason for
This is why…/A can be explained by B/ the explanation for A is B/ That helps explain…
當要表達多種原因之一時，可用以下表達：
There are myriad reasons for … . Chief among them is …
A few factors lead to/cause/contribute to…, … is (only) part of the story.
Enable 使…能夠，學術寫作中的高頻詞，類似詞彙還有：
Facilitate促進: 「facilitate the development of…」
Allow允許: 「thus not allowing mutation detection for that gene」
Allow for 顧及，考慮: 「Gap-junction proteins (e.g., connexins) are integral membrane proteins that allow for cytosolic exchange of ions 」
Tips：A allow B= A enables B, A 和B有直接的因果關係
A allows for B= A使得B的發生成為可能，或者只是促進B的發生，A只是B發生的因素之一。
Empower 使能夠：「The approach has the capacity to empower on-site assay and off-site centralized signal detection」
Endow賦予: 「The method endows our assay great promise for quantitative detection」
Confer給予，授予: 「Different activation procedures employed to confer SERS activity」
Render 導致（因外界因素促使某人或某物達到某種狀態）: 「Latent fingerprints require chemical or physical treatment to render them visible.」
limits therapeutic success: 限制了成功的治療。類似表達還有：
Curb 控制，約束(limit or control sth, especially sth bad): 「curb the spread of the epidemic」;
curb也可作名詞：impose a curb on sth
Constrain約束，限制（側重約束作用）: 「constrain continued tumor evolution toward complete drug resistance」
Hinder阻礙: 「the approach is hindered by cost and time」
Impede妨礙: 「impede the progress」
remains incompletely understood用於表達現有研究的不足，類似表達還有:
Remain unknown/ be virtually unknown/be poorly understood/less is known
Remain a significant/daunting challenge
Be constrained by
在表達否定信息時，除了用not或者含有un-/in-/ill-等詞彙，還可以有以下方法供大家靈活使用
Few/little: 「littleprogress has been made towards …」
Fail to do sth:「fail to address this problem」
Have yet to do sth表示該做但是尚未做「The full effect has yet to be felt」
Lack/absence等含有否定意義的詞： 「the cellslacking large chromosomal aberrations「
Hardly/scarcely/rarely/seldom/barely等含有否定意義副詞表「幾乎不「：」detecthardly capturing details in a medical image」
Nolonger/never/none/no/nothing/nowhere/nobody等否定詞
Far from/not at all/nowhere near強調」遠非」：「These are decent measures,but nowhere near enough」
b) Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition, whereas those present at ontherapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways.
suggesta therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition：
表達實驗結果「證實「、」表明「、」顯示「時的常見表達還有：
show/illustrate/demonstrate/found/reveal/validate/identify/uncover/calculate/measure/test/evaluate/assess等表達直接現象
indicate/imply/infer等表達深一層的含義
whereas those present at ontherapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways. Whereas表示對比，可與while互換，但程度上強一些。其他表達對比的方式:
In contrast (with/to後面通常接名詞) 「In contrast to clusters of cancer cells, immune cell-type clusters showed low patient occupancy」
By contrast相比之下：「By contrast, PD cancer cells differentially overexpressed genes associated with invasion」
Contrast with 形成對比：「Her actions contrasted sharply with her promise」
Be in marked contrast to sth 形成鮮明對比：」 This new trend is in marked contrast with the trend it experienced in the 1980s」
c) This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes.
Highlight「強調」，常用於形容研究的意義，常見表達還有：
Shed light on 闡明: 「These methods have shed important light on the mechanisms of PM-induced oxidative stress」
Pave the way for..為……鋪路：「The discovery could pave the way for an effective malaria vaccine」
Provide new/novel insights into 提供新的見解：「they could also provide insights into the development of neurological conditions」
a better understanding of 更好的理解：「It may also lead to a better understanding of diseases of the human nervous system」
總 結
摘要的基本框架：首先介紹研究背景的重要性以及現有的挑戰；其次引入解決問題的常用方法，並引入本研究涉及的策略；隨後介紹本文通過什麼方法獲得了什麼結果；最後指明本研究結果對該領域的意義。
本篇正刊摘要部分的精讀拆解就總結到這裡，希望可以對讀者朋友摘要部分的寫作有所啟發，幫助讀者積累一些科技論文的寫作技巧以及相關領域的專業表達。