來源:遠讀重洋
黑人弗洛伊德之死,在美國造成了極大的動蕩。現在事發已經兩個多星期了,局勢卻依然沒有緩和的跡象。
很多抗議者表示,哪怕冒著被感染新冠病毒的風險,也要上街遊行。
對這一點,很多中國人可能很不理解。要知道,新冠疫情已經讓美國死了10萬多人,美國民眾卻不怎麼緊張;為什麼警察粗暴執法,死了一個人,卻在美國引發了這麼大的亂子呢?
難道10萬人的命,還不如1個人的命,對美國人的警示作用大嗎?
其實說到底,這還是因為疫情給美國人帶來的衝擊,遠沒有種族問題帶來的傷害嚴重。
況且,疫情還是個突發事件,主要是天災,美國政府最多也就是「不作為」或者「防疫不力」的問題;而種族問題,卻是美國社會時時刻刻都要面對的痛。
雖然弗洛伊德的死,只是一個人;但美國社會對黑人的歧視卻是無處不在的,從這個角度來說,弗洛伊德之死也只是一個引子,種族問題的「雷」其實早就已經埋下了。
美國一位黑人社會學家,裡奇·班傑明(Rich Benjamin)的經歷,就能很好地說明這一點。
裡奇是一位知名作家,同時也是一位冒險家,曾經在美國等20多個國家深度旅行。
2007年,他在美國花了兩年時間,開始了一次長達27000英裡的旅程。這趟旅行的目的地是美國發展最快和「皮膚最白」的行政聚居區,也就是只有白人生活的社區。
他把這些地區,統稱為Whitopia,有人把這個名詞翻譯成了「白託邦」,也就是白人的烏託邦。
2009年,在這場旅行結束之後,裡奇出版了一本書:「Searching for Whitopia:An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America」(《尋找「白託邦」:一場在白人美國心臟地區的神奇旅行》)。
這本書裡記錄了很多美國白人社區的現狀和發展趨勢。作者發現,美國的社區開始變得越來越缺少多樣化,很多社區開始有意無意地打出「純白人社區」的招牌。而在這種文化的驅動下,在美國的很多地方,這樣的「白託邦」正在越變越多。
後來,裡奇·班傑明還被邀請到了TED,圍繞這個話題發表了一場演講,也引起了廣泛關注。
不過,就在作者出版這本書,以及在TED演講之後,很多人開始攻擊作者,批評他是一個「種族主義者」。
有人表示,不同的人住在不同的社區,這是人類甚至群居動物的本性,就像寬吻海豚只和寬吻海豚在一起遊泳;斑點海豚只和斑點海豚在一起遊泳,這有什麼錯?為什麼要強迫一個人住在沒有同伴的地方?
但是裡奇認為,這是一個糟糕的類比,因為社區並不是娘胎裡帶出來的,而是人們在社會中自行建造的。人們在社會中刻意建造這樣的社區,支持這種隔離,恰恰是「種族主義」的表現。
也有一些人對裡奇調查白人社區很不樂意,畢竟這種事太少見了,過去的美國乃至全世界,大多數的社會研究都是白人學者針對黑人貧民窟,或者世界各地的原住民部落。
黑人學者研究美國白人社區,可能還是破天荒的頭一遭,所以自然也會引起一些風波。
不過支持裡奇的人也很多,目前在美國亞馬遜上,這本書的評分高達4分。在亞馬遜的介紹語中,還列出了一個很有意思的數據。
在美國的Whitopian社區中,川普擁有高達94%的支持率,在總統選舉中,川普在Whitopia贏得了67%的選票,而在全國範圍內,川普的投票率只有46%。
從這個角度,裡奇的研究也被很多人看成是解釋唐川普崛起的少數幾個開創性研究之一。
裡奇也在一篇文章中表示,白人專家試圖向美國解釋「黑人貧民窟」的文獻很多,他只是做了相反的事情而已。
作為黑人思想家和作家,他只是想重新詮釋一下美國白人的主流生活方式,難道這也有錯嗎?
其實,跳開這件事本身,從裡奇的著作,以及一些人對裡奇的批評裡,我們確實可以明顯感覺到美國的「種族主義」問題。
就像作者說的,美國就算沒有「種族主義者」,也肯定存在「種族主義」。
這次的「弗洛伊德事件」,也許可以從一個側面,印證這個觀點。
最後在這裡,我把裡奇·班傑明在TED的演講也分享給你,希望在他的演講裡,你可以了解一個更真實的美國。
以下為演講全文:
Imagine a place where your neighbors greet your children by name; a place with splendid vistas; a place where you can drive just 20 minutes and put your sailboat on the water. It's a seductive place, isn't it?
想像一下這樣一個地方:風景秀麗,只需要開車20分鐘就可以在水中泛舟;人們其樂融融,鄰居可以隨口叫出你們家小孩的名字……這樣的地方,就像世外桃源一樣,不是嗎?
I don't live there. (Laughter) But I did journey on a 27,000-mile trip for two years, to the fastest-growing and whitest counties in America.
我並沒有住在這樣的地方(笑)。不過我曾經經歷過一次27000英裡的旅行,在那次旅行中,我去過美國發展最快,以及「最白」的地方。
What is a Whitopia? I define Whitopia in three ways: First, a Whitopia has posted at least six percent population growth since 2000. Secondly, the majority of that growth comes from white migrants. And third, the Whitopia has an ineffable charm, a pleasant look and feel, a je Ne sais quoi. (Laughter)
這些地方簡直就跟想像中的「白託邦」一樣。什麼樣的地方才是「白託邦」?我選擇三個方法定義這種地方:
第一,這個地方從2000年以後,人口的增長速度必須超過6%;
第二,這個地方的人口增長,主要是因為外地移民;
第三,這個地方必須有魅力,讓人愉悅,秀色可餐。(笑)
To learn how and why Whitopias are ticking, I immersed myself for several months apiece in three of them: first, St. George, Utah; second, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; and third, Forsyth County, Georgia.
為了探究「白託邦」的起源和崛起,我花了很大的功夫,去研究三個典型的「白託邦」城市:第一個是猶他州的聖喬治;第二個是愛達荷州的科達倫;第三個是喬治亞州的福賽斯。
First stop, St. George -- a beautiful town of red rock landscapes.
首先第一站,聖喬治,一個擁有丹霞地貌的美麗小鎮。
In the 1850s, Brigham Young dispatched families to St. George to grow cotton because of the hot, arid climate. And so they called it Utah's Dixie, and the name sticks to this day.
1850年代,因為聖喬治炎熱、乾燥的氣候,楊百翰家族遷到聖喬治種植棉花。他們稱這裡為猶他州的迪克西,這個名字一直沿用到如今。
I approached my time in each Whitopia like an anthropologist. I made detailed spreadsheets of all the power brokers in the communities, who I needed to meet, where I needed to be, and I threw myself with gusto in these communities.
在這裡,我像一個人類學家一樣安排日程。我列出了「白託邦」裡權貴人物的詳細名單,哪些人是我應該拜訪的?哪些地方是我需要去的?總之,我滿懷熱情地融入這個社區。
I went to zoning board meetings, I went to Democratic clubs and Republican clubs. I went to poker nights.
我參加了各個區域的集會,也去了民主黨和共和黨的俱樂部,晚上我們還一起打牌。
In St. George, I rented a home at the Entrada, one of the town's premier gated communities. There were no Motel 6's or Howard Johnsons for me. I lived in Whitopia as a resident, and not like a visitor.
在聖喬治的時候,我租了一座公寓的屋子,這個公寓是小鎮裡面最高檔的那種帶門禁的小區。在這裡,我沒找到汽車旅館或者連鎖酒店,所以我像一個當地人一樣住在「白託邦」,而不是像一個遊客一樣。
I rented myself this home by phone. (Laughter) (Applause)
當然,我租房子的時候,是通過電話租的。(笑聲)(鼓掌)
Golf is the perfect seductive symbol of Whitopia. When I went on my journey, I had barely ever held a golf club. By the time I left, I was golfing at least three times a week. (Laughter)
高爾夫是「白託邦」最顯眼的標誌,在開始這次旅行前,我幾乎從來沒去過高爾夫俱樂部;但當我離開那裡的時候,我至少每周會打三次高爾夫球。(笑聲)
Golf helps people bond. Some of the best interviews I ever scored during my trip were on the golf courses. One venture capitalist, for example, invited me to golf in his private club that had no minority members.
高爾夫可以讓人們聯結起來,我在這次旅行中的很多精彩採訪,也都是我在高爾夫球場完成的。有一次,一位風險投資家,還邀請我去他的私人俱樂部打球,這家俱樂部以前可從沒對少數族裔開放過。
I also went fishing. (Laughter) Because I had never fished, this fellow had to teach me how to cast my line and what bait to use.
我還學著當地人去釣魚了。(笑聲)因為我從來沒有釣過魚,有個傢伙還手把手教我怎麼拋線,怎麼使用魚餌。
I also played poker every weekend. It was Texas Hold 'em with a $10 buy-in. My poker mates may have been bluffing about the hands that they drew, but they weren't bluffing about their social beliefs. Some of the most raw, salty conversations I ever had during my journey were at the poker table.
每周末,我也會和當地人一起玩撲克牌,就是那種十塊錢押底的德州撲克。我的這些牌友在玩撲克的時候,會偷奸耍滑無所不用其極,但是他們在社會信仰方面,卻非常認真一絲不苟。在我的旅程中,很多別有滋味的生活對話,也都是在撲克牌桌上發生的。
I'm a gung ho entertainer. I love to cook, I hosted many dinner parties, and in return, people invited me to their dinner parties, and to their barbecues, and to their pool parties, and to their birthday parties.
我是一個非常喜歡熱鬧的人。我喜歡做飯,也邀請過很多人參加我的晚餐派對。同樣的,很多人也邀請我去他們的晚餐派對,或者燒烤派對、泳池派對、生日派對等等。
But it wasn't all fun. Immigration turned out to be a big issue in this Whitopia. The St. George's Citizens Council on Illegal Immigration held regular and active protests against immigration, and so what I gleaned from this Whitopia is what a hot debate this would become. It was a real-time preview, and so it has become.
但是這次的旅程,也並非全都是樂趣。在這個「白託邦」裡,外來移民是一個很大的問題。聖喬治的當地議會經常處理一些關於非法移民的事情,包括反對非法移民的抗議活動。這是我在當地發現的一個問題,也是一個已經出現,並且在現在和未來依然需要面對的問題。
Next stop: Almost Heaven, a cabin I rented for myself in Coeur d'Alene, in the beautiful North Idaho panhandle. I rented this place for myself, also by phone. (Laughter)
下一站,科達倫,一個天堂般的地方。在美麗的北愛達荷州科達倫,我租了一個小木屋。我是自己租到這個地方的,當然,依然是用電話租的。(笑聲)
The book "A Thousand Places To See Before You Die" lists Coeur d'Alene -- it's a gorgeous paradise for huntsmen, boatmen and fishermen.
有一本書叫《死亡之前一定要去的1000個地方》,科達倫就在這本書的名單裡面。這裡可是獵人、船夫和捕魚者的天堂。
My growing golf skills came in handy in Coeur d'Alene. I golfed with retired LAPD cops.
我漸入佳境的高爾夫球技在科達倫終於派上了用場,一些在洛杉磯警察局退休的警察,經常和我一起打高爾夫。
In 1993, around 11,000 families and cops fled Los Angeles after the L.A. racial unrest, for North Idaho, and they've built an expatriated community.
1993年,差不多有11000個家庭和警察,在經歷了「洛杉磯種族騷亂」(發生在1992年)之後,逃離了洛杉磯,來到北愛荷華建造了這個移民社區。
Given the conservatism of these cops, there's no surprise that North Idaho has a strong gun culture. In fact, it is said, North Idaho has more gun dealers than gas stations.
鑑於這些警察的保守主義思想,毫無疑問,北愛荷華存在根深蒂固的槍枝文化。事實上,在北愛達荷,賣槍枝的商店比加油站還要多。
So what's a resident to do to fit in? I hit the gun club. When I rented a gun, the gentleman behind the counter was perfectly pleasant and kind, until I showed him my New York City driver's license. That's when he got nervous. I'm not as bad a shot as I thought I might have been.
所以,應該怎麼融入到當地人的生活呢?我決定去一下槍枝俱樂部。當我租槍的時候,櫃檯後面的紳士非常和善,直到我給他看了我自己紐約州的駕照之後,他才稍微驚疑了一下。在這裡,我發現我的槍法沒有想像中的那麼差勁。
What I learned from North Idaho is the peculiar brand of paranoia that can permeate a community when so many cops and guns are around.
在北愛達荷,除了滿地都是的警察和槍枝文化,我還發現了一個非常特別的現象。
In North Idaho, in my red pickup truck, I kept a notepad. And in that notepad I counted more Confederate flags than black people. In North Idaho, I found Confederate flags on key chains, on cellphone paraphernalia, and on cars.
在北愛達荷的時候,我在我的紅色皮卡車裡放了一個記事本。通過這個記事本,我發現我在路上遇到的聯邦旗幟個數,都比我遇到的黑人數量多。在北愛達荷,我可以在鑰匙鏈、手機用品、汽車等很多東西上,都看到聯邦旗幟。
About a seven-minute drive from my hidden lake cabin was the compound of Aryan Nations, the white supremacist group. America's Promise Ministries, the religious arm of Aryan Nations, happened to have a three-day retreat during my visit. So I decided to crash it. (Laughter)
在離我居住的湖邊小屋差不多有七分鐘車程的地方,有一個「雅利安人」聚居區,這是一個「白人至上主義者」團體。當我在這裡旅行的時候,這個「美國希望之都」「雅利安民族的宗教組織」恰好在組織一個為期三天的會議。於是,我決定去湊個熱鬧。(笑聲)
I'm the only non-Aryan journalist I'm aware of ever to have done so. (Laughter) Among the many memorable episodes of that retreat... (Laughter) ...is when Abe, an Aryan, sidled up next to me. He slapped my knee, and he said, "Hey Rich, I just want you to know one thing. We are not white supremacists. We are white separatists. We don't think we're better than you, we just want to be away from you." (Laughter)
我是來到這個組織的,前所未有的唯一一位非雅利安族記者。(笑聲)可以想像,在這個聚會上,會有無數難以忘懷的故事……當時,有一個名叫亞伯的雅利安人悄悄悄走過來,坐在我身邊。他拍著我的膝蓋,對我說:「你好,裡奇,我只想讓你知道一件事。我們不是白人至上主義者,我們是白人分離主義者。我們並不認為我們比你優越,我們只是想離你們遠一點。」(笑聲)
Indeed, most white people in Whitopia are neither white supremacists or white separatists; in fact, they're not there for explicitly racial reasons at all. Rather, they emigrate there for friendliness, comfort, security, safety -- reasons that they implicitly associate to whiteness in itself.
確實,在「白託邦」裡生活的很多白人,都不是白人至上主義者,甚至也不是白人分離主義者。事實上,他們根本不是因為特定的種族原因才生活在這裡。他們遷居到這裡,只是為了友誼、舒適、安全、踏實……他們只是潛移默化地把這些因素和種族聯繫在了一起。
Next stop was Georgia. In Georgia, I stayed in an exurb north of Atlanta. In Utah, I found poker; in Idaho, I found guns; in Georgia, I found God. (Laughter)
下一站,是喬治亞州。在這裡,我住在亞特蘭大北邊的遠郊地區。在猶他,我學會了撲克牌;在愛達荷,我與槍結緣;在喬治亞州,我遇到了上帝。(笑聲)
The way that I immersed myself in this Whitopia was to become active at First Redeemer Church, a megachurch that's so huge that it has golf carts to escort the congregants around its many parking lots on campus.
我融入這個「白託邦」的方法是,成為第一大基督教堂的積極分子。這個教堂是如此之大,甚至擁有自己的高爾夫球車,專門用來從停車場接送教徒。
I was active in the youth ministry. And for me, personally, I was more comfortable in this Whitopia than say, in a Colorado, or an Idaho, or even a suburban Boston. That is because [there], in Georgia, white people and black people are more historically familiar to one another. I was less exotic in this Whitopia. (Laughter)
我在這裡的青年團體中非常活躍,實際上對我來說,這個「白託邦」給我的感覺要跟舒適。舒適程度超過了科羅拉多、愛達荷,乃至波士頓。原因可能是,在喬治亞,白人和黑人在歷史上就對彼此很熟悉。在這個「白託邦」,我沒有那麼格格不入。(笑聲)
But what does it all mean? Whitopian dreaming, Whitopia migration, is a push-pull phenomenon, full of alarming pushes and alluring pulls, and Whitopia operates at the level of conscious and unconscious bias.
但是,這一切都說明了什麼呢?「白託邦」的幻想,和「白託邦」的崛起,可能是個「有推有拉」的現象。這個過程中充滿了令人震驚的推力,和給人誘惑的拉力,而且「白託邦」的出現背後,還存在一種有意無意的偏見。
It's possible for people to be in Whitopia not for racist reasons, though it has racist outcomes.
很多人來到「白託邦」,可能並不是因為種族問題,但這一行為,卻造成了種族主義的結果。
Many Whitopians feel pushed by illegals, social welfare abuse, minorities, density, crowded schools. Many Whitopians feel pulled by merit, freedom, the allure of privatism -- privatized places, privatized people, privatized things.
很多「白託邦」居民覺得自己是被逼搬到這裡來的,被逼的原因有:非法移民、濫用社會福利、少數族裔人口、人口密度太大、擁擠的學校等等;同時,也有很多「白託邦」居民覺得自己是被一些優勢吸引來的,這些優勢包括:獎金、自由、個人特權,比如說擁有私人領地、私人關係,以及可以私自享用的一切東西。
And I learned in Whitopia how a country can have racism without racists.
然而,我從「白託邦」裡發現的是,在一個沒有種族主義者的國家,是如何出現種族主義問題的。
Many of my smug urban liberal friends couldn't believe I would go on such a venture. The reality is that many white Americans are affable and kind.
我很多生活在城市裡的自由主義朋友,都很難相信我踏上了這樣一個旅程。但事實證明,很多美國白人也是非常友善和寬容的。
Interpersonal race relations -- how we treat each other as human beings -- are vastly better than in my parents' generation. Can you imagine me going to Whitopia 40 years ago? What a journey that would have been. (Laughter)
如今種族之間的關係已經遠遠好於我們父母那一輩了,起碼我們都把彼此當人看了。你能想像40年前,我隻身一人去「白託邦」旅行嗎?那會是多麼難以描述的旅程啊!(笑聲)
And yet, some things haven't changed. America is as residentially and educationally segregated today as it was in 1970.
但是同時,有些事情依然沒有變化。美國很多地方還是存在居住和教育方面的種族隔離問題,這和1970年的情況可能並沒有什麼區別。
As Americans, we often find ways to cook for each other, to dance with each other, to host with each other, but why can't that translate into how we treat each other as communities? It's a devastating irony, how we have gone forward as individuals, and backwards as communities.
同為美國人,我們可以做到經常一起聚餐、一起跳舞、互相去對方家中做客,但是我們為什麼不能轉變成彼此生活在同一個社區呢?這可是天大的諷刺,我們在個體上進步,卻在群體方面退步。
One of the Whitopian outlooks that really hit me was a proverbial saying: "One black man is a delightful dinner guest; 50 black men is a ghetto."
「白託邦」裡有一句諺語,我覺得是一種非常真實的寫照:一個黑人是一個受歡迎的晚餐貴賓,50個黑人就變成了貧民窟。
One of the big contexts animating my Whitopian journey was the year 2042. By 2042, white people will no longer be the American majority. As such, will there be more Whitopias? In looking at this, the danger of Whitopia is that the more segregation we have, the less we can look at and confront conscious and unconscious bias.
讓我能夠把「白託邦之旅」堅持下去的大背景是2042年。這一年,白人將不再是美國人口的主要構成。到那時候,美國會有更多的「白託邦」出現嗎?在思考這個問題時,你會發現「白託邦」現象帶來的危險,那就是:人們越分離,就越看不到有意無意的偏見。
I ventured on my two-year, 27,000 mile journey to learn where, why, and how white people are fleeing, but I didn't expect to have so much fun on my journey. (Laughter)
在我兩年的27000英裡的旅途中,我了解到了白人為什麼要逃、要逃到哪裡去、要怎麼逃。但是我沒想到,這個旅途會如此有趣。(笑聲)
I didn't expect to learn so much about myself. I don't expect I'll be living in a Whitopia -- or a Blacktopia, for that matter. I do plan to continue golfing every chance I get. (Laughter) And I'll just have to leave the guns and megachurches back in Whitopia. Thank you.
我並沒有期望能夠更加了解自己,我也沒想過要定居在「白託邦」或者「黑託邦」。但是我已經打算一有機會就去打高爾夫球了。(笑聲) 不過,我得和「白託邦」裡的槍枝和大型教堂說再見了。謝謝。