條件從句是比較advanced的英語語法點。通常條件句分為真實條件句和虛擬條件句。前者要使用直接陳述的方式表達,後者則要使用虛擬語氣。一般來說,當一個從句所表達的條件是有可能實現的、有可能是真實的條件時,用真實條件句;如果一個從句所表達的條件是不可能實現的、與客觀事實完全相反的條件時,則使用虛擬條件句。對應這兩大類條件句,英語中把條件句進一步細分為4種條件句形式:
1. Zero conditional
2. First conditional
3. Second conditional
4. Third conditional
條件句的結構一般由if 引導出某種假設,再由主句表示基於這種假設下的反饋。可以這麼說,如果沒有時態的變化,條件句並不難,但是英語中的條件句分為真實和非真實,才使得conditional成為一個很難被輕易攻克的語法點。
The reason I listed it as one of most challenging parts of English learning is it can be pretty confusing to decide which conditional form best fits your situation, and then to formulate it properly.There are four types of conditional forms:
Zero conditional 零條件從句
zero conditional 是最簡單的一種 if 條件從句,因為它只涉及現在時態。一般來說零條件從句是用來描述一個真是存在的情況or表述一個自然現象的。這種從句的基本格式是:
if + present simple, then + present simple 在日常口語中我們也可以用 when 來代替 if
Examples:
1. If you study hard enough, you usually get good scores.
2. When it rains, the ground gets wet.
3. I get spooked if I see a snake.
4. If you decide to study in the USA, you must passTOEFL
總結,zero conditional是用來表述常態的,所以永遠都用現在時。
First conditional 第一條件句
第一條件句是用來描述一個非常可能要發生的事情(如果要量化的話大概是99.99%),因此和零條件句一樣(100%),這兩種條件句都不會用到虛擬語氣。first conditional的句式結構是:
if + present simple, then+ future simple
從這個結構可以看出,zero 和 first conditional 從句的區別在於後半句將一般時改成了一般將來時。有些同學在看過零條件從句例子後通常會問為什麼不能把句中的現在時改成將來時,事實是當然可以改了。
無論是用 zero 還是 first conditional 都是對的,只不過用來表達不同的語境。zero conditional表達一個永遠都是真實的 or 常態性的情況,而 first conditional 雖然表達相似的意思,但是通常用來描述一個一次性or特殊但真實的情況。
Examples:
1. If I see a snake I will get spooked. 如果我看到一條蛇,我會被嚇到的。
如果把這個例子改成零條件從句,If I see a snake, I usually get spooked. 意思差不多,只是這句用來表達一般性的狀態。
2. If you don’t go to bed on time, you』ll have trouble waking up.
3. If he doesn't give up smoking, he'll get sick.
Second conditional 第二條件句
從這裡開始條件句開始變得 tricky了,因為第二和第三條件句都要使用虛擬語氣。second conditional 是用來表述一個只在理論上可能存在的情況,or 一個假設的情況。我喜歡稱這種條件句為 daydreaming conditional。它的基本句式結構是:
If +past simple (過去一般時) , then + would + verb
或者 If +past continuous (過去進行時), then + would + verb
if 可以引導過去式 and 過去進行時,另外 would 可以替換成 could, might
Examples:
1. If I won the lottery I would buy a big yacht. 如果我中了彩票我會去買個遊艇。(daydreaming right?)
2. If I was still working in downtown London, I would commute by train. 如果我還在倫敦市中心上班,我就是每天乘火車去。
3. If I had some bread, milk and eggs, I could have made some French toast for you.
4. If I spoke to her directly, I might be able to persuade her. 如果我能和她直接交談,我也許能說服她。
第二條件句有一種特殊的形式「If I were you」, 這個形式通常是在給別人意見時用。
5. If I were you, I would look for a new job.
Third conditional 第三條件句(和第二條件句一樣,也要用虛擬語氣)
這種條件句可以用來表達 alternative outcomes of past events。有點木已成舟無法挽回的意思。句式結構是:If + past perfect (過去完成時), then + would +present perfect (現在完成時)
Examples:
1. If I hadn’t missed the bus, I would have gotten to school on time. (隱含意思: I did miss the bus, and I was lateto school.) 如果我沒有錯過汽車,我就不會上課遲到了。
2. If she hadn't been ill, she would have gone to the party. 如果她沒有生病,就會去參加那個聚會了。
3. If my girlfriend had been free yesterday, I would have asked for a date. 如果我女朋友昨天有空,我就會要求她跟我約會。
補充一點:Mixed conditional 指將兩種以上的條件從句在同一個對話中混用