金磚國家領導人第五次會晤
德班宣言
(二0一三年三月二十七日)
1、我們，巴西聯邦共和國、俄羅斯聯邦、印度共和國、中華人民共和國和南非共和國領導人於2013年3月27日在南非德班舉行金磚國家領導人第五次會晤。我們圍繞「金磚國家與非洲:致力於發展、一體化和工業化的夥伴關係」的主題進行了討論。本次會晤是金磚國家第一輪領導人會晤的收官之作。我們重申將致力於維護國際法、多邊主義和聯合國的中心地位。我們的討論表明金磚國家的團結進一步加深,願為全球和平、穩定、發展與合作做出積極貢獻。我們還討論了金磚國家在與各國和各國人民團結合作的基礎上,在國際體系中發揮的作用。
2、此次會晤舉行之時,正需要我們探討共同關心並具有系統重要性的問題,以解決共同關切,研擬長期解決之道。我們致力於逐步將金磚國家發展成為就全球經濟和政治領域的諸多重大問題進行日常和長期協調的全方位機制。支撐現行全球治理架構的有關國際機構是在當年國際版圖面臨非常不同的挑戰和機遇的情況下締造的。由於全球經濟正在重塑,我們致力於通過加強互補和各自經濟力量,探索實現更公平發展、更具包容性增長的新模式和新方式。
3、正如《三亞宣言》中提出的,我們對加強同其他國家,特別是新興國家和發展中國家,以及相關國際、區域性組織的聯繫與合作持開放態度。我們將在本次會晤後舉行同非洲國家領導人的對話會,主題為「釋放非洲潛力:金磚國家和非洲在基礎設施領域合作」。對話會將為金磚國家和非洲領導人討論如何加強金磚國家和非洲大陸合作提供機會。
4、我們認識到區域一體化對非洲可持續增長、發展和消除貧困的重要意義,重申支持非洲大陸一體化進程。
5、在「非洲發展新夥伴計劃」框架下,我們將通過鼓勵外國直接投資、知識交流、能力建設以及與非洲貿易的多樣化,支持非洲國家工業化進程。我們認識到非洲發展基礎設施的重要性,認同非盟在確定和應對非洲大陸的基礎設施挑戰方面取得的進步。通過制訂非洲基礎設施發展規劃、非盟「非洲發展新夥伴計劃」非洲行動計劃(2010-2015)、「非洲發展新夥伴計劃」總統基礎設施倡議及地區基礎設施發展總體規劃,非盟確定了對推動區域一體化和工業化至關重要的基礎設施重點開發項目。我們將尋求在互惠基礎上鼓勵基礎設施投資,以支持非洲的工業發展、就業、技能發展、食品和營養安全、消除貧困及可持續發展。為此,我們重申對非洲基礎設施可持續發展的支持。
6、我們注意到歐洲、美國和日本為減少世界經濟尾部風險所採取的政策措施。其中的部分措施給世界其他經濟體帶來負面外溢效應。世界經濟重大風險猶存,形勢仍低於預期。在經濟復甦的力度和持續性、主要經濟體政策方向方面,不確定性依然很大。在一些重要國家,失業率居高不下,高企的私人和公共債務抑制了經濟增長。在此情況下,我們重申關於支持增長和維護金融穩定的強烈承諾,並強調發達經濟體需要採取適當措施以重建信心,促進增長並確保經濟強勁復甦。
7、發達經濟體的央行採取非常規貨幣政策,增加了全球流動性。這可能符合其國內貨幣政策的授權,但主要央行應避免此舉帶來加劇資本、匯率和大宗商品價格波動等預料之外的後果,以免對其他經濟體特別是發展中國家經濟增長帶來負面影響。
8、我們歡迎俄羅斯作為2013年二十國集團主席國提出的核心目標,特別是為促進全球強勁、可持續、包容和平衡增長、增加就業而增加投資融資、確保公共債務可持續性的努力。我們也將繼續突出二十國集團發展議程,將其作為全球經濟穩定、長期可持續增長和增加就業的關鍵要素。
9、由於長期融資和外國直接投資不足,尤其是資本市場投資不足,發展中國家面臨基礎設施建設的挑戰。這限制了全球總需求。金磚國家合作推動更有效利用全球金融資源,可以為解決上述問題做出積極貢獻。2012年3月,我們指示財長們評估建立一個新的開發銀行的可能性和可行性,為金磚國家、其他新興市場和發展中國家的基礎設施和可持續發展項目籌集資金,作為對全球增長和發展領域的現有多邊和區域金融機構的補充。根據財長們的報告,我們滿意地看到建立一個新的開發銀行是可能和可行的。我們同意建立該銀行,銀行的初始資本應該是實質性的和充足的,以便有效開展基礎設施融資。
10、2012年6月,我們在洛斯卡沃斯會晤時指示財長和央行行長探討通過成立金磚國家應急儲備安排來建設金融安全網。他們的結論是建立一個自我管理的應急儲備安排具有積極預防效果,將幫助金磚國家應對短期流動性壓力,提供相互支持,並進一步加強金融穩定。這也將作為一道增加的防線,為補充現有國際外匯儲備安排、加強全球金融安全網做出貢獻。我們認為在符合各自國內法律和具有適當安全保證的條件下,建立一個初始規模為1000億美元的應急儲備安排是可能和共同期待的。我們指示財長和央行行長繼續朝著建立該安排的目標努力。
Fifth BRICS Summit
Durban: 27 March 2013
BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation
eThekwini Declaration
1. We, the leaders of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian Federation, the Republic of India, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa, met in Durban, South Africa, on 27 March 2013 at the Fifth BRICS Summit. Our discussions took place under the overarching theme, "BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialization." The Fifth BRICS Summit concluded the first cycle of BRICS Summits and we reaffirmed our commitment to the promotion of international law, multilateralism and the central role of the United Nations (UN). Our discussions reflected our growing intra-BRICS solidarity as well as our shared goal to contribute positively to global peace, stability, development and cooperation. We also considered our role in the international system as based on an inclusive approach of shared solidarity and cooperation towards all nations and peoples.
2. We met at a time which requires that we consider issues of mutual interest and systemic importance in order to share concerns and to develop lasting solutions. We aim at progressively developing BRICS into a full-fledged mechanism of current and long-term coordination on a wide range of key issues of the world economy and politics. The prevailing global governance architecture is regulated by institutions which were conceived in circumstances when the international landscape in all its aspects was characterized by very different challenges and opportunities. As the global economy is being reshaped, we are committed to exploring new models and approaches towards more equitable development and inclusive global growth by emphasizing complementarities and building on our respective economic strengths.
3. We are open to increasing our engagement and cooperation with non-BRICS countries, in particular Emerging Market and Developing Countries (EMDCs), and relevant international and regional organizations, as envisioned in the Sanya Declaration. We will hold a Retreat together with African leaders after this Summit, under the theme, "Unlocking Africa's potential: BRICS and Africa Cooperation on Infrastructure." The Retreat is an opportunity for BRICS and African leaders to discuss how to strengthen cooperation between the BRICS countries and the African Continent.
4. Recognizing the importance of regional integration for Africa's sustainable growth, development and poverty eradication, we reaffirm our support for the Continent' s integration processes.
5. Within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), we support African countries in their industrialization process through stimulating foreign direct investment, knowledge exchange, capacity-building and diversification of imports from Africa. We acknowledge that infrastructure development in Africa is important and recognize the strides made by the African Union to identify and address the continent's infrastructure challenges through the development of the Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), the AU NEPAD Africa Action Plan (2010-2015), the NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Championing Initiative (PICI), as well as the Regional Infrastructure Development Master Plans that have identified priority infrastructure development projects that are critical to promoting regional integration and industrialization. We will seek to stimulate infrastructure investment on the basis of mutual benefit to support industrial development, job-creation, skills development, food and nutrition security and poverty eradication and sustainable development in Africa. We therefore, reaffirm our support for sustainable infrastructure development in Africa.
6. We note policy actions in Europe, the United States and Japan aimed at reducing tail-risks in the world economy. Some of these actions produce negative spillover effects on other economies of the world. Significant risks remain and the performance of the global economy still falls behind our expectations. As a result, uncertainty about strength and durability of the recovery and the direction of policy in some major economies remains high. In some key countries unemployment stays unusually elevated, while high levels of private and public indebtedness inhibit growth. In such circumstances, we reaffirm our strong commitment to support growth and foster financial stability. We also underscore the need for appropriate action to be taken by advanced economies in order to rebuild confidence, foster growth and secure a strong recovery.
7. Central Banks in advanced economies have responded with unconventional monetary policy actions which have increased global liquidity. While this may be consistent with domestic monetary policy mandates, major Central Banks should avoid the unintended consequences of these actions in the form of increased volatility of capital flows, currencies and commodity prices, which may have negative growth effects on other economies, in particular developing countries.
8. We welcome the core objectives of the Russian Presidency in the G20 in 2013, in particular the efforts to increased financing for investment and ensure public debt sustainability aimed at ensuring strong, sustainable, inclusive and balanced growth and job creation around the world. We will also continue to prioritize the G20 development agenda as a vital element of global economic stability and long-term sustainable growth and job creation.
9. Developing countries face challenges of infrastructure development due to insufficient long-term financing and foreign direct investment, especially investment in capital stock. This constrains global aggregate demand. BRICS cooperation towards more productive use of global financial resources can make a positive contribution to addressing this problem. In March 2012 we directed our Finance Ministers to examine the feasibility and viability of setting up a New Development Bank for mobilizing resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies and developing countries, to supplement the existing efforts of multilateral and regional financial institutions for global growth and development. Following the report from our Finance Ministers, we are satisfied that the establishment of a New Development Bank is feasible and viable. We have agreed to establish the New Development Bank. The initial contribution to the Bank should be substantial and sufficient for the Bank to be effective in financing infrastructure.
10. In June 2012, in our meeting in Los Cabos, we tasked our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to explore the construction of a financial safety net through the creation of a Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) amongst BRICS countries. They have concluded that the establishment of a self-managed contingent reserve arrangement would have a positive precautionary effect, help BRICS countries forestall short-term liquidity pressures, provide mutual support and further strengthen financial stability. It would also contribute to strengthening the global financial safety net and complement existing international arrangements as an additional line of defence. We are of the view that the establishment of the CRA with an initial size of 100 billion U.S. dollars is feasible and desirable subject to internal legal frameworks and appropriate safeguards. We direct our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to continue working towards its establishment.