Hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish! Welcome to another English grammar lesson here at mmmEnglish.
嘿，我是 Emma，歡迎來到美味英語頻道！歡迎參加另一堂美味英語的英語語法課。
We're going to continue exploring conditionals which are one of the most interesting and exciting grammar structures in English, I think so. This video today is going to help you to expand your understanding of the first and the second conditionals in English.
我們將繼續探索條件句，這是最有趣的，也是最令人興奮的英語語法結構之一，我想是的。今天的視頻將幫助你擴展你對英文中的第一和第二條件句的理解。
I think you already know the basics, especially if you're a subscriber because you would have seen all of my lessons about conditionals, all of the links are in the description below but today we're going to go a little deeper on the first and the second conditional. I'm going to give you lots of examples to help you understand when to use the first and when to use the second.
我認為你應該已經了解基本知識，尤其是你訂閱了我的頻道，因為你可能已經看到了我所有的關於條件的課程，所有連結都在下面的描述中，但是今天我們要更深入一點地了解第一和第二條件句。我會給大家很多例子來幫助大家了解何時使用第一和第二條件句。
Plus I'll also be talking about how to use conditionals without 'if', which is pretty shocking, I know because 'if' is the star of conditional sentences, you know. But actually, you can use other words in place of 'if' as well so I'm going to go through all of that right here during this lesson.
另外，我還將談論如何在沒有「if」的情況下使用條件句，我知道這很令人震驚，因為「if」是條件句的重要標誌。但實際上，你可以使用其他單詞代替「if」，所以我會在本節課程中說說所有的這些。
Okay let's do a quick check together before we get started. You know there are five different types of conditional sentences, you know that the basic form of all of these sentences is the same, right?
好吧，在我們開始之前，讓我們一起快速檢查一下吧。你知道有五種不同類型的條件句，你知道所有這些句子的基本形式是一樣的，對吧？
We have an 'if' clause and a main clause. And the things that are different about these five types of conditional sentences relate to time and also to verb tense.
有一個「if」子句和一個主句。這五種類型條件句的不同之處是時間以及動詞時態。
Now if you don't know any of these things don't worry about it but I do recommend that you check out this lesson up here. It's an overview of conditional sentences, it might help to jog your memory and get you thinking correctly about conditional sentences before we get started here.
如果你還不了解這些，不用擔心，但是我建議你參考一下這節課程。這是一節條件語的概述，這可能有助於在我們開始之前，喚醒你的記憶，讓你正確地了解條件句。
So I want you to tell me. What's the difference between the first conditional and the second conditional?
所以我想讓你告訴我。第一條件句和第二條件句之前有什麼區別呢？
So the best way to think about it is the first conditional is real. We use it to talk about things that are possible in the future and there's a likely chance of it happening.
最好的方法是去想，第一條件句是真實的情況。我們用它來談論將來可能發生的事情，它有機會發生。
So to make the first conditional, it's simple. We use the present simple verb in our 'if' clause and we use the future tense 'will' in our main clause so we use 'will' along with a bare infinitive verb.
因此，造一個第一條件句的話，是比較簡單的。我們在「if」子句中使用簡單的一般現在時動詞，在主句中使用將來時「will」，所以就是「will」加一個不定式動詞。
If I miss the bus, I will take a taxi. If they lose the game, they won't go to the finals.
如果我錯過了公共汽車，我就會打車。如果他們輸了比賽，他們就不會進入決賽。
If you get too close to the flames you'll get burned. So notice that with all of these examples, these are real.
如果你離火焰太近，你會被燒死的。因此請注意，在所有這些例子中，這些是真實的情況。
They are possible and they're likely to happen in the future. Now when we move to the second conditional, we actually have to leave the real world, the actual world behind us.
它們是可能發生的，而且將來可能會發生。現在，當我們轉到第二條件句時，我們實際上必須拋開現實世界。
Because although there is a possibility of the result happening, when we use the second conditional, it tells us that the action is quite unlikely so it's often called the unreal tense.
So we use the second conditional to talk about imaginary situations in the present so these are unreal situations.
因為儘管有結果可能會有機會發生，但是當我們使用第二條件句時，它告訴我們這個行為不太可能，所以通常被稱為虛擬時態。所以我們用第二條件句來談論目前的虛構情況，所以這是是不真實的情況。
We also use it to talk about unlikely future outcomes as well. So it looks like 'if' and the past simple in our 'if' clause and then 'would' with the bare infinitive verb following in our main clause.
我們也用它來談論不可能的未來的結果。因此，它的形式就是「if」加一般過去時，而在主句中使用「would」和動詞的不定式形式。
If I missed the bus, I would take a taxi. If they lost the game, they wouldn't go to the finals.
如果我錯過了公共汽車，我就會打車。如果他們輸掉了比賽，他們就不會進入決賽。
If you got too close to the flames, you'd get burned. Wait a second.
如果你離火焰太近，你就會被燒死的。等一下。
These examples look pretty similar to the first conditional examples right? So with just a couple of little edits, we have subtly changed these results to seem less likely.
這些例子看起來與第一條件句的示例非常相似吧？因此，只需進行一點點修改，我們已經巧妙地改變了這些結果，讓它們看起來不太可能。
Suddenly we've got a set of hypothetical or imaginary situations and their results but those results are unlikely to actually happen right??Such is the second conditional.
突然之間，我們就有了一組假設或虛構的情況及其結果，但那些結果實際上不太可能發生，對吧？這是第二條件句。
Many ideas can be correctly expressed in English using both the first and the second conditional sentence structure but each type of sentence changes the meaning noticeably so you really need to be careful about which type of sentence structure you're using. You've got to carefully choose.
在英語中，很多想法都可以被第一和第二條件句正確地表達，但是每種類型的句子都會明顯地改變意思，所以你需要小心地注意你到底使用的是哪種類型的句子結構。你必須仔細選擇。
So let's look at a couple of examples to help you out. So we've got
我們看一些例子幫助你理解吧。所以我們有：
If I miss the bus, I will take a taxi. If I missed the bus, I would take a taxi.
如果我錯過了公共汽車，我會打車。如果我錯過了公共汽車的話，我會打車的。
Now in the first example, this is real and possible. It's based on an actual situation.
在第一個例子中，這是真實的，並且是可能的。它是基於實際情況的。
Just imagine that you are walking down the street quite quickly towards the bus stop because it's actually the exact time that the bus is supposed to arrive and there is a chance it's pulling up at the bus stop right now. You're hoping that it's not because you're going to be late otherwise right?
試想你正在街上朝著公共汽車站很快地走著，因為實際上是巴士應該到達的時間，現在巴士有可能正在停車點停著呢。你希望不是這樣子，因為否則你就要遲到了，對吧？
You still want to make it to work on time. But in your head, as you're walking you're coming up with a backup plan, right, a plan B.
你仍然希望能夠按時到達工作的地方。但是當你走路時，在你的腦海中出現了一個備份計劃，對了，計劃 B。
Here's what you're going to do. If I miss the bus, I will take a taxi.
這就是你要做的。如果我錯過了公共汽車，我會打車。
So this situation is based on a real-life scenario right. Something that is likely to happen.
因此，這種情況是基於現實生活中的情境。可能會發生的事情。
There's a good chance that that bus has already come to the bus stop and you're not there. But the second example in the second conditional, totally imaginary.
那輛車很有可能已經到了公共汽車站，而你不在那兒。但是第二個例子中的第二條件句是完全虛構的。
Maybe I've got no plans at all to take the bus, maybe I don't even take the bus to work. Or perhaps I'm extremely punctual.
也許我根本沒有計劃搭公交車，也許我甚至都不會坐公交車去上班。也許我非常守時。
I'm almost never late to the bus. But for whatever reason, this thing, the outcome, is very unlikely to happen and we know that because we're using the second conditional.
我幾乎從來不會趕公交車遲到。但是無論出於何種原因，這件事的結果都是不太可能發生，我們知道是因為我們正在使用第二條件句。
So you can see how powerful this decision is right? The grammar structure that you choose influences the meaning of your sentence.
因此，你可以看到這個決定有多強大，對嗎？你選擇的語法結構會影響你句子的意思。
Let's do a few more examples together just to make sure you've got it. If I run out of butter, I'll just use oil.
讓我們一起看看更多的例子，保證你已經完全掌握了吧。如果黃油用完了，我就會用油。
So again imagine, imagine that you're baking and there isn't much butter left. You can't be bothered going to the shops so I've got a plan.
同樣地，想像一下，想像你正在烘焙，但是沒剩多少黃油了。你不想去商場，所以我有個計劃。
If I run out of butter, I know what I'm going to do and this is a likely event right. If I ran out of butter, I'd just use oil.
如果黃油用完了，我知道我要做什麼，這很可能會發生，對吧？如果我用完黃油，我就會用油。
Now this is a hypothetical situation. I'm not talking about a specific baking event that's happening now.
這是一個假設的情況。我不是在說特定的、現在正在進行的烘焙。
I'm just talking about what I would hypothetically do if this ever happened to me while I was baking. I could be giving advice to someone who's asking.
我只是再說如果我在烘焙的時候，發生了這種事情的話我會怎麼辦。我可能會向正在詢問的人提供建議。
If I ran out of butter, I'd just use oil. You won't notice the difference.
如果我用完黃油，我就會使用油。你不會注意到其中的區別。
If she finds a dog on the street, she'll adopt it. She loves dogs, right?
如果她在大街上發現一條狗的話，就會收養它。她愛狗，對嗎？
She has plans to adopt a dog. In fact, she's looking for a dog and there are lots of street dogs in her area.
她計劃收養一條狗。實際上，她在尋找狗狗，在她附近有很多流浪狗。
So it's quite likely that if she finds a dog on the street that doesn't have a home, it's quite likely that she'll adopt it. If she found a dog on the street, she'd adopt it.
所以很可能她在街上找到一條無家可歸的狗，就會去收養它。如果她在大街上發現了一條狗的話，她就會收養它。
So again, she loves dogs. Perhaps there's actually not many street dogs in her area which makes the outcome quite unlikely right?
同樣的，她愛狗。也許實際上她所在的地區沒有很多流浪狗，所以這使得結果不太可能是吧？
If she were taller, she would play basketball. Okay so this is the second conditional right and she's imagining what she would do if she had been born taller but she wasn't right?
如果她更高的話，她就會打籃球。好吧，這是第二條件句，她在想如果她長得再高一點她會怎麼樣，但是她並不高，對吧？
She can't change her height. So this situation has to be unreal.
她不能改變她的高度。因此，這種情況肯定是虛構的。
So for that reason, be careful because we can't write a version of this in the first conditional. There isn't a likely chance or a likely outcome where this would happen right?
所以因為那個原因，一定要小心哦，因為我們不能用第一條件句來描述這種情況。這件事情不可能發生，對吧？
She can't change the way that she is however we can make a couple of changes to make it possible. We can say you know if we're talking about a child who is still growing then it's possible right but we might have to change the verb and say:
她無法改變自己，然而我們可以進行一些改變以使其成為可能。我們可以說，如果我們說的是還在生長的孩子的話，那麼就是有可能的，但我們可以改變動詞，這樣說：
If she grows taller, she will play basketball. It's really important to keep in mind that many ideas can be expressed in the first or the second conditional depending on whether they're real or imaginary.
如果她再長高點的話，她就會打籃球。記住很多想法可以用第一或第二條件句來進行表達，取決於它們是真實的還是虛構的。
But not all ideas can be expressed in both tenses right so be careful about that. Real versus imaginary.
但是並不是所有的想法都可以用這兩個時態進行表達，所以一定要小心。真實與虛構。
Hopefully, you're starting to feel pretty good about the difference between the first and the second conditional right? But I've got one extra thing that I want you to keep in mind.
希望大家對第一和第二條件句之間的區別覺得得心應手了。但是還有另外一件事情，我想讓大家牢牢記住。
So take a look at this sentence here. Is it a conditional sentence?
看看這句話。這是個條件句嗎？
It has two clauses. It has a present tense verb in the first clause.
它有兩個句子。在第一個句子中有一個現在時動詞。
It has 'will' and the base verb in the main clause but it doesn't have the word 'if'. It actually doesn't matter.
主句中有一個「will」和動詞原形，但是沒有「if」。其實沒關係。
This sentence is still a conditional sentence. A first conditional sentence and there are a couple of very specific words that you can use to replace 'if' in the first and also the second conditional sentence structure.
這句話仍然是條件句。這是個第一條件句，有兩個特定的詞大家可以使用在第一和第二條件句中替代「if」。
It's still a conditional sentence but the word that you choose, of course, has the ability to change the meaning of your sentence slightly. Unless it rains soon, the lake will dry up.
這還是條件句，但是當然了，你選擇的詞彙可能會細微地改變你的句子的意思。除非馬上下雨的話，湖就會幹涸。
Or if it rains soon, the lake won't dry up. Both of these sentences are okay.
如果馬上下雨的話，湖就不會幹涸。這兩個句子都可以。
They're great but of course, the change affects the meaning of our sentence slightly. So we need to be aware of that.
它們都很棒，但是當然，變化會細微地改變我們的句子的意思。因此，我們需要意識到這一點。
So you can definitely replace 'if' with the word 'unless' but the meaning is slightly different. It means if not or except if.
你可以使用「unless」來替代「if」，但含義略有不同。這意味著如果沒有，或除非的意思。
And you can use 'unless' in the first and the second conditional sentence structure but it can't be used to talk about past situations that can't be changed right so you can't use 'unless' in the third conditional sentence structure for example. Check out some examples.
你可以在第一條件句和第二條件句結構中使用「除非」，但它不能用來談論不能改變的過去的情況，所以你不能在第三種條件句中使用「除非」。看看一些例子吧。
Unless she apologises, I will not forgive her. Unless it gets below zero degrees the water won't freeze
除非她道歉，否則我不會原諒她。除非溫度低於零度，否則水不會凍結。
Unless they fired me, I wouldn't leave the company. Besides 'unless' and 'if' we can also use 'as long as' which is really, really useful if you want to set a limit or a condition on the expression.
除非他們解僱我，否則我不會離開公司。除了「除非」和「如果」，我們還可以使用「只要」，如果你想給這個表達加上一個限制或者是條件的話是非常有用的。
So this is like saying if and only if the condition happens so if the condition doesn't happen then the result is not possible or it's not allowed. 'As long as' is usually used with the first conditional because it's used when the result is expected.
所以這就像說，若且唯若這個條件發生時，所以如果這個條件沒有發生，則結果是不可能的或是不允許的。「只要」通常與第一條件句一起使用，因為它是在結果是在預期之中的時候使用。
As long as I get time off work, I'll come for a visit. As long as it's not too crowded, we'll stay for dinner.
只要我工作有休息的話，我就會來拜訪的。只要不是很擁擠，我們就會留下來吃晚餐。
As long as he finishes his homework, he'll join you at the skate park. Great work! We're almost done, we've got one more option to replace 'if' with and that is using 'supposing' or 'supposing that'.
他只要完成作業，會和你一起去滑板公園。真不錯！我們快完成了，我們還有一個選擇來替換「if」，那就是使用「suppose」或「supposing that」。
So using 'supposing that' helps the listener to imagine a situation so it's really similar to using 'if' but just with a bit of extra command to really tell the listener that you want them to imagine, turn on their imagination.
Now it can be used in either the first or the second conditional but it's much more comfortable in the second conditional for sure because you're imagining right.
因此，使用「supposing that」可以幫助聽話人想像這樣一種情況，它與使用「if」非常相似，但是加上了一點額外的命令，告訴聽話者你希望他們進行想像，打開他們的想像力。它可以在第一或第二條件句中使用，但是在第二條件句中要更自然一些，因為你在進行想像，對吧。
Supposing I can change my flight, I'll come a few days earlier. Supposing you got a huge Christmas bonus, would you go on a holiday?
假設我可以更改航班，我就會提前幾天來。假設你獲得了豐厚的聖誕節獎金，你會去度假嗎？
So conditionals can be quite cool really, you can tweak and you can change them to help add extra layers of meaning in your sentence and the best way to become familiar with conditional sentences is to start writing them and to start experimenting with them and right now we're going to jump into a really quick quiz to help you put what you learned here today into action.
So I'm going to give you a few different situations and you're going to decide which conditional sentence is the best one for you to use.
因此，條件句確實可以很酷，你可以進行小小的調整，你可以改變它們，給句子增加額外的意思，熟悉條件句最好的方式就是開始造句，開始嘗試，那麼現在我們就要進入一個快速測驗，幫助大家將今天學到的知識付諸實踐。我要給你一些不同的情況，然後你要決定哪個條件句是你的最佳選擇。
So I want you to write your answers down in the comments below so that I can come down and I can check them for you and if you're feeling up to it, try and experiment a little with 'if'. Perhaps you can use one of the other words or expressions that we practised.
所以我想讓大家在下面的評論中寫下答案，這樣我就可以幫大家檢查一下，如果願意的話，嘗試並嘗試試驗一下「if」。也許你可以使用其他的我們練習過的詞語或表達。
As long as, unless. Right so here's a situation.
只要，除非。是的，這是一種情況。
It's my friend's birthday next week. I want to get her a present and I always forget things like birthdays and she always gets quite upset when I forget things.
下周是我朋友的生日。我想給她一份禮物，我總是會忘記事情，比如說生日，而當我忘記事情的時候，她總是會很不開心。
So in the quiz, I'd ask you to pause the video just for a second to think about the situation but let's just do this one together. So this situation is pretty real, right?
在小測驗中，我想請大家暫停視頻，花點時間想一想這種情況，但讓我們一起來做這個吧。所以這種情況是真的，對嗎？
There's a birthday plan next week. It's coming up soon. I also know that there's a pretty high chance I'll forget to buy a present because it's a really bad habit of mine.
下周有個生日。很快就到了。我也知道很有可能我會忘記買禮物的，因為那是確實是我的一個壞習慣。
You can't really say that this situation is hypothetical, can you? There's a high probability that it will happen.
你不能說這種情況是假設的，對吧？這很有可能會發生。
So I think we need to use the first conditional so a good sentence would be: If I forget to buy my friend a birthday present, she will be upset.
所以我認為我們需要使用第一條件句，所以一個不錯的句子可以是：如果我忘記給朋友買生日禮物的話，她會不高興的。
See that wasn't so hard was it? Now it's your turn. Situation one.
看到了吧，並不難吧？現在輪到你了。情況一。
You're dreaming about buying a new car. The car you want is expensive.
你夢想著要買一輛新車。你想買的車很貴。
A promotion at work would help you to be able to afford it. Nobody at work has talked about the possibility of a promotion.
如果升個職的話，就能買得起了。但是沒人說過升職的事情。
You're just dreaming it. So pause the video and write your sentence.
你只是在做夢罷了。暫停視頻，寫下你的句子。
Situation two. You're deciding what to cook for dinner.
情況二。你正在決定晚餐做什麼吃。
Someone suggests making a spicy dish. You know that your child hates spicy food, there's no possibility that your child is gonna eat something spicy.
有人建議做一道辣一點的菜。你知道你的孩子討厭辛辣的食物，你的孩子不可能想吃辣的。
Again, pause the video, write your sentence. Situation three.
同樣的，暫停視頻，寫下句子。情況三。
A friend asked you to take care of their dog while they're on holidays. You would feel horrible if the dog ran away.
一位朋友想讓你在他們度假的時候幫忙照顧他們的狗。如果狗跑掉的話，你會感到非常恐懼。
You know that it probably won't happen but you ask your friend to imagine that possibility anyway. Situation four.
你知道這可能不會發生，但是你讓你的朋友想像一下這種情況。情況四。
You love coffee so much. You imagine what would happen if you ran out of coffee.
你非常愛咖啡。你想像如果咖啡用完了會發生什麼。
Luckily you know that would never actually happen. Awesome work gang!
幸運的是，你知道那將永遠不會發生。做得很好！
I'm so proud of you for sticking with me all the way through to the end and for putting everything that you learned into practice right. It's the best way to make it stick and if this lesson was really useful for you, then share it with one of your friends who also needs to improve their English grammar.
我為大家一路堅持到最後，把你學習的一切付諸實踐而感到驕傲。這是讓它堅持下去的最好方法，如果這節課對你真的有用的話，那麼就和需要提升他們的英語的朋友分享一下吧。
I'm here to help right, I've got new lessons here every week. Make sure you subscribe, turn on notifications so that you know when there's a new English lesson here waiting for you and if you want to request a new English lesson from me, you are more than welcome to.
我就是來幫助大家的，這裡每周都會有新課程發布。一定要訂閱哦，打開通知，這樣有新的課程在等待你的時候就可以知道啦，如果你想參加我的新英語課的話，非常歡迎哦。
Ask me down in the comments below and then maybe think about coming and joining me here in this lesson. I'll see you in there!
在下面的評論中問我問題，也許可以加入本課。再見！