Only in the dictionary, will success appear before work.
只有在字典裡，成功才出現在工作之前。
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用天文學工具來識別鯨鯊This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Annie Sneed.
這裡是科學美國人——60秒科學。我是安妮·斯尼德。
It's called the whale shark. And, as the name implies, it's huge. In fact, it's the largest living fish in the world. But there's still much unknown about this big animal.
它被稱為鯨鯊。顧名思義，它體型巨大。事實上，它是世界上現存最大的魚類。但是這種大型動物，仍有很多未解之謎。
"They're very enigmatic in the sense that they're elusive, very difficult to catch up with." Alistair Dove, an expert on the biology of whale sharks and vice president of research and conservation at Georgia Aquarium.
「它們非常神秘，很難捉到。」鯨鯊生物學專家、喬治亞水族館研究與保護所副主席阿利斯泰爾·德夫說到。
But citizen scientists are helping Dove and other whale shark experts get a fuller picture of this marine creature. Tourists, residents and professional scientists have documented the fish for an online database, called the Wildbook for Whale Sharks. By taking advantage of each shark's unique pattern of skin spots.
但是，公民科學家正在幫助德夫和其他鯨鯊專家更全面地了解這種海洋生物。遊客、居民和專業科學家將鯨鯊的資料記錄在名為「鯨鯊自然手冊」的在線資料庫中。他們利用每隻鯨鯊皮膚斑點的獨特圖案來進行記錄。
"So the Wildbook architecture was really the brainchild of Zaven Arzoumanian and Jason Holmberg...and they adapted an algorithm that was used by the Hubble telescope for recognizing patterns in star field photographs from astrophotography and realized that the spots on a whale shark are really very much the same idea. That whether we can identify individual whale sharks by their spot patterns. And with the help of whale shark scientists like Brad Normal, who is the lead author on this study, they were able to bring that into a citizen-science format that allowed people to upload photographs and use these powerful computer algorithms to recognize individual whale sharks."
「因此，自然手冊體系確實是扎文·亞爾佐馬尼安和傑森·霍姆伯格的智慧結晶，他們修改了一種算法，哈勃望遠鏡曾用這種算法從天體攝影的恆星場照片中識別圖形，他們意識到，鯨鯊身上的斑點與該圖形有異曲同工之妙。他們設想，是否能通過其身上的斑點圖案來識別出鯨鯊個體。在該研究作者布拉德·諾馬爾等鯨鯊科學家的幫助下，研究人員得以讓識別過程成為一種公民科學形式，即允許人們上傳照片，並用這些強大的計算機算法來識別個體鯨鯊。」
"And at that point, sharks stopped being random animals that you meet in the ocean and they become individuals with stories and histories and futures that are yet to be written. And that's what makes it so seductive as a citizen-science project."
「在這種情況下，鯨鯊不再是你在海洋中遇到的隨機動物，而是成為了擁有有待書寫故事、歷史和未來的個體。而這正是這項公民科學項目如此迷人的原因。」
Whale shark watchers simply snap a photo of the skin pattern on one side of the fish—preferably the left side, says Dove. "And then you upload a picture of that animal to the Wildbook Web site, and the people on the back end will...tell you whether that animal has ever been seen anywhere before. And that's very exciting. And it's kind of a win-win prospect. Because if the animal's never been seen before then you've added a new animal to the database and that's exciting. If the animal has been seen before then you get to know its story and know where it's been and when. And that's exciting too. So it's great fun for scientists and it's great fun for tourists alike."
德夫表示，鯨鯊觀測者只需拍下其身體一側的皮膚圖案，最好是左側的圖案。「然後你將照片上傳到『自然手冊』網站，網站後端工作人員會告訴你這隻鯨鯊以前是否被目擊過。這非常令人興奮。這是種雙贏前景。因為，如果這隻鯨鯊以前從未被目擊過，那你就在資料庫中添加了一隻新的個體，這相當激動人心。如果這隻鯨鯊以前被目擊過，那你就會知道它的故事，會知道它在何時何地被目擊過。這同樣激動人心。所以，這對科學家來說非常有趣，而對遊客來說同樣非常有趣。」
All told, the Wildbook database now has over 5,000 citizen-science contributors, around 30,000 whale shark encounters covering 54 countries, and more than 6,000 individual whale sharks identified. Now in the latest study using that data, researchers report that the number of known sites where whale sharks gather has risen from 13 to 20. "By all working together and putting our data into a common pot...we get a global picture about where whale sharks are and what they're doing." The study is in the journal BioScience.
自然手冊資料庫目前共有超過5000名公民科學家貢獻者，涵蓋54個國家的約3萬名鯨鯊遇襲者，以及超過6000隻已被確認的鯨鯊個體。在使用這些數據的最新研究中，研究人員報告稱，目前已知的鯨鯊聚集地的數量已從13個增加到20個。「通過所有人的共同努力，將所有數據匯集到一個公共的資料庫中，我們可以得到一份全球圖景，了解鯨鯊在哪裡以及它們在做什麼。」這項研究結果發表在《生物科學》期刊上。
The new information may lead to better conservation strategies. "The species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, which means that the population is declining, and that's cause for significant concern. So this is a species we should all be paying attention to as a bellwether of what might be expected for big animals that live in the ocean."
這些新信息可能會催生更好的保護策略。「鯨鯊已被世界自然保護聯盟紅色名錄列為瀕危物種，這意味著該物種的數量正在減少，這引發了極大的擔憂。所以，鯨鯊是我們都應該密切關注的物種，我們應該將其視為生活在海洋中的大型動物的領導者。」
Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Annie Sneed.
謝謝大家收聽科學美國人——60秒科學。我是安妮·斯尼德。
外刊看世界，更新推出「每日一詞」欄目，從《紐約時報》每日更新的報導中挑選有意思的詞彙，配以相應的解讀、闡釋，與讀者和英語愛好者交流、討論。
每日一詞：clutter
你的房間總是一團亂嗎？
AMY CHANG CHIEN
GETTY IMAGES
關鍵詞：clutter 雜亂、混亂
你有亂丟東西的毛病嗎？或是常感到被所有的東西淹沒？如果有的話，這可能是個警訊。越來越多研究顯示：一個雜亂無章的家，可能也是一個充滿壓力的家。
「雜亂(clutter)是由過多的東西共同造成的混亂無序的生活空間。」(Clutter is an overabundance of possessions that collectively create chaotic and disorderly living spaces.)一名研究雜亂生成的原因及其對情緒健康的影響的學者在受訪時表示。
根據韋氏字典，clutter一詞指的是：無序的運作，或是填充或堆滿了妨礙行動或降低效率的東西。時報過去的文章《零亂的辦公桌能暴露你的天性嗎？》中曾用過這個詞：「在第一項試驗中，他們隨機安排一組大學生進入鄰近的辦公室裡，其中一間辦公室極其潔淨，而另一間堆滿了紙張和其他辦公用品。」(In the first experiment, they randomly assigned a group of college-age students to spend time in adjacent office spaces, one of which was exquisitely neat, the other wildly cluttered with papers and other work-related detritus.)
《雜亂的無法承受之重》(The Unbearable Heaviness of Clutter)引述了一項關於雜亂和生活滿意度問題的研究，發現了拖延與雜亂問題之間存在重要聯繫，而隨著年齡增長，雜亂造成的挫折感也會增加。在老年人中，雜亂問題也與其對生活的不滿有關。此外，越來越多的證據表明，雜亂的環境可能會對心理健康產生負面影響，尤其是女性。它還可能誘發生理反應，包括「壓力荷爾蒙」皮質醇水平的增加。
面對生活中的各種雜亂，我們該如何declutter（在clutter一詞前加上de，即有了「清理」的含義）呢？可以參考一下「日本收納女王」近藤麻理惠(Marie Kondo)的整理經。她建議，人們應該戰勝購物廣告的誘惑，依自己的判斷決定該擁有什麼。
近藤麻理惠的作品《怦然心動的人生整理魔法》(The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up)暢銷全球，其收納術在全球引發眾多粉絲追捧。時報記者這麼描述這些粉絲：「她們自稱為近藤皈依者(Konvert)，宣稱在使用近藤的清理方法之後，她們的生活發生了真正的改變：通過將目標調高，她們看到了一條出路。」(They called themselves Konverts, and they say their lives have truly changed as a result of using her decluttering methods: They could see their way out of the stuff by aiming upward.)
新的一年剛剛開始，為了你的健康與幸福，動手整理一下自己的房間吧！
歡迎留言與我們分享，也歡迎對「每日一詞」這個欄目提出你的意見和建議。
1、本期每日一句，由編輯選優推薦。
2、本期每日一聞，取自Scientific American — 60-Second Science.
3、本期每日一詞，取自紐約時報中文網.
本文僅供學習交流參考，未用作商業用途。如對本公眾號發布的文章存有異議，歡迎留言告知，編輯將在24小時內回復處理。
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