2016年1月20日訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --近日,來自美國約翰斯霍普金斯大學醫學院的研究人員利用小鼠進行研究發現高劑量古柯鹼會通過觸發過度自噬導致腦細胞死亡,同時他們還發現了一種小分子化合物能夠改善這一情況。相關研究結果發表在國際學術期刊PNAS上。
在1990年發現腦細胞使用一氧化氮進行細胞交流之後,Solomon Snyder教授及其研究團隊就一直致力於後續工作的研究。他們在2013年發現一氧化氮能夠結合GAPDH參與古柯鹼誘導的細胞死亡過程,但具體機制沒有得到深入研究。
為了解答這一問題,研究團隊以小鼠腦部神經元細胞為研究對象,清晰地觀察到古柯鹼能夠通過過度激活的自噬過程造成神經元細胞死亡。正常的自噬過程能夠幫助清除細胞內的「垃圾」,將這些大分子殘骸儲存在膜泡中,隨後再與包含許多水解酶的溶酶體進行融合,降解膜泡中的成分。但是當該過程失去控制,就會引起細胞死亡。而該研究發現古柯鹼誘導神經元細胞死亡正是利用了這一機制。
由於研究人員已經知道一氧化氮和GAPDH參與上述過程,他們隨後檢測了一種已知可以幹擾一氧化氮與GPADH相互作用的編號為CGP3466B的化合物能否阻止古柯鹼誘導的自噬發生。他們同時檢測了其他已知的可以阻止細胞凋亡和細胞壞死的化合物,但結果表明只有CGP3466B能夠保護小鼠神經元細胞避免受到古柯鹼損傷。
除此之外,研究人員還發現在雌鼠懷孕期間接受古柯鹼刺激還會導致仔鼠的腦神經元細胞發生過度自噬。
文章另外一位作者Maged M. Harraz博士表示:「既然現在已經知道古柯鹼只能通過誘導自噬而非另外兩種細胞死亡方式造成細胞死亡,那麼就可以針對性開發靶向治療方法抑制古柯鹼的毒性作用。」研究人員希望這項工作能夠最終幫助成年人以及兒童避免受到古柯鹼對大腦的傷害。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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doi: 10.1073/pnas.1524860113
Cocaine elicits autophagic cytotoxicity via a nitric oxide-GAPDH signaling cascade
Prasun Guhaa,1, Maged M. Harraza,1, and Solomon H. Snyder
Cocaine exerts its behavioral stimulant effects by facilitating synaptic actions of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. It is also neurotoxic and broadly cytotoxic, leading to overdose deaths. We demonstrate that the cytotoxic actions of cocaine reflect selective enhancement of autophagy, a process that physiologically degrades metabolites and cellular organelles, and that uncontrolled autophagy can also lead to cell death. In brain cultures, cocaine markedly increases levels of LC3-II and depletes p62, both actions characteristic of autophagy. By contrast, cocaine fails to stimulate cell death processes reflecting parthanatos, monitored by cleavage of poly(ADP ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1), or necroptosis, assessed by levels of phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy protects neurons against cocaine-induced cell death. On the other hand, inhibition of parthanatos, necroptosis, or apoptosis did not change cocaine cytotoxicity. Depletion of ATG5 or beclin-1, major mediators of autophagy, prevents cocaine-induced cell death. By contrast, depleting caspase-3, whose cleavage reflects apoptosis, fails to alter cocaine cytotoxicity, and cocaine does not alter caspase-3 cleavage. Moreover, depleting PARP-1 or RIPK1, key mediators of parthanatos and necroptosis, respectively, did not prevent cocaine-induced cell death. Autophagic actions of cocaine are mediated by the nitric oxide-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase signaling pathway. Thus, cocaine-associated autophagy is abolished by depleting GAPDH via shRNA; by the drug CGP3466B, which prevents GAPDH nitrosylation; and by mutating cysteine-150 of GAPDH, its site of nitrosylation. Treatments that selectively influence cocaine-associated autophagy may afford therapeutic benefit.