長期以來,在生物演化研究領域,化石和現生物種的研究常各為陣營,形成不同的理論和方法體系,從而割裂了物種「進化」的自然歷史。將化石在不同地質歷史時期的演替序列結合現生種的分子系統學、分化時間以及歷史生物地理學進行整合推斷,無疑將更科學並完整地重現相關類群的演化歷史。
哺乳動物中的嚙齒類具有漫長的演化歷史,在形態、棲息地適應等方面高度分化,是研究全球環境歷史變遷對動物物種分化、形態演變、地理分布格局形成所產生的影響等重要科學議題的理想材料。最近,中國科學院動物進化與系統學院重點實驗室獸類學研究組的研究人員及其合作者通過結合化石記錄以及現生種的分子、形態和地理分布數據,闡述了影響部分嚙齒類動物代表類群演化進程的主要原因。這些研究證實,重大地質和氣候變化事件,如高原隆升、北半球季風氣候形成、冰期氣候引起的海平面升降等造成的全球植被的變遷對不同動物類群的演化動態產生了深刻的影響。
跳鼠科(Dipodoidae)是齧齒目(Rodentia)動物中物種較多的類群之一,其最早的化石記錄來自始新世。荒漠型跳鼠在中新世的分化和擴張與北半球乾旱荒漠化進程可能具有重要的聯繫,青藏高原的隆升以及亞洲季風性氣候的形成加劇了中亞地區的乾旱化進程,從而促進了適應開闊和乾旱環境的荒漠類跳鼠的興盛,卻導致了適應溼潤草原和森林生境的林跳鼠和蹶鼠分布區的退縮。
齧齒目松鼠科(Sciuridae)中的鼯鼠(Pteromyini)是嚴格的樹棲種類。這個類群的演化歷史與全球森林的演變密切相關。基於化石記錄和分子系統學的分析,推測中新世後期全球CO2濃度驟降、北半球乾冷環境加劇等使依森林而生的鼯鼠物種豐富度大幅下降;而高原隆升和季風氣候給亞洲南部及東南部地區帶來充足的雨水,促進了這些地區森林環境的發育,從而使之成為鼯鼠現生種類快速分化的中心。
兔形目兩個主要類群—鼠兔科(Ochotonidae)和兔科(Leporidae)在體型和地理分布格局上存在顯著的分化。基於前人對不同野外種群取食習性的進一步分析顯示:現生鼠兔對C3植物表現出明顯的偏好,在其可取食的植物種類中幾乎不包含C4植物。而在兔科植物的食譜中,有10%的種類為C4植物,在部分分布於熱帶地區的兔科動物中,C4種類構成其食物的主要成分。研究者們推測,C4植物在中新世晚期的加速分化和擴張可能是導致兔形目兩大主要類群體型向不同方向分化的重要原因。在這個過程中森林環境的減少和草原環境的擴張可能直接影響了這些物種分布格局的形成。這些事件共同造就了兔科現生種類的繁榮和在漸新世晚期到中新世中期曾盛極一時的鼠兔科現今的衰退。
這些工作主要由中國科學院動物研究所獸類學研究組與古脊椎動物與古人類研究所、昆明動物研究所和俄羅斯科學院西伯利亞分院地質研究所等合作完成的。(生物谷Bioon.com)
相關論文:
LV Xuefei, Ge Deyan, Xia Lin, Zhang Zhaoqun, Song Li, Yang Qisen*. 2013. The evolution and paleobiogeography of fly squirrels (Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in response to global environmental change. Evolutionary Biology, 40(1):117-132. doi:10.1007/s11692-012-9191-6.
Zhang Qian, Xia Lin, Yuri Kimura, Georgy Shenbrot, Zhang Zhaoqun, Ge Deyan, Yang Qisen*. 2013. Tracing the origin and diversification of Dipodoidea (Order: Rodentia): Evidence from fossil record and molecular phylogeny. Evolutionary Biology, 40(1):32-44. doi:10.1007/s11692-012-9167-6.
Ge Deyan, Zhang Zhaoqun, Xia Lin, Zhang Qian, Ma Yong, Yang Qisen*. 2012. Did the expansion of C-4 plants drive extinction and massive range contraction of micromammals? Inferences from food preference and historical biogeography of pikas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 326:160-171. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.016.
Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change
Deyan Ge, Zhixin Wen, Lin Xia, Zhaoqun Zhang, Margarita Erbajeva, Chengming Huang, Qisen Yang mail
Although species within Lagomorpha are derived from a common ancestor, the distribution range and body size of its two extant groups, ochotonids and leporids, are quite differentiated. It is unclear what has driven their disparate evolutionary history. In this study, we compile and update all fossil records of Lagomorpha for the first time, to trace the evolutionary processes and infer their evolutionary history using mitochondrial genes, body length and distribution of extant species. We also compare the forage selection of extant species, which offers an insight into their future prospects. The earliest lagomorphs originated in Asia and later diversified in different continents. Within ochotonids, more than 20 genera occupied the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene, whereas most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene. The peak diversity of the leporids occurred during the Miocene to Pliocene transition, while their diversity dramatically decreased in the late Quaternary. Mantel tests identified a positive correlation between body length and phylogenetic distance of lagomorphs. The body length of extant ochotonids shows a normal distribution, while the body length of extant leporids displays a non-normal pattern. We also find that the forage selection of extant pikas features a strong preference for C3 plants, while for the diet of leporids, more than 16% of plant species are identified as C4 (31% species are from Poaceae). The ability of several leporid species to consume C4 plants is likely to result in their size increase and range expansion, most notably in Lepus. Expansion of C4 plants in the late Miocene, the so-called 『nature’s green revolution』, induced by global environmental change, is suggested to be one of the major 『ecological opportunities』, which probably drove large-scale extinction and range contraction of ochotonids, but inversely promoted diversification and range expansion of leporids.