The Continuity of Derivatives [微分的連續性] Theorem [微分的介值性] (5.12)
Suppose
A similar result holds of course if .
Proof. Put . Then , so that for some , and , so that for some .
Hence, attains its minimum on (【Theorem 4.16 緊集上的連續實函數有上下確界】) at some point such that . By 【Theorem 5.8】, . Hence .
(簡述)Let . Then . What we need to prove should be: for , exists , s.t. for , exists , s.t. .
Since is continuous on interval , then has the extreme value on , that means there exists such that .
Corollary (5.12)
If is differentiable on , then connot have any simple discontinuities on . But may very well have discontinuities of the second kind.
L'Hospital's Rule [洛必達法則]
這是個非常常用的定理,但本書上證明過於複雜(考慮了很多邊緣條件),所以不採用這裡的證明,而是從 wiki 摘錄過來。
Theorem [洛必達法則] (5.13)
Suppose and are real and differentiable in , and for all , where . Suppose
If and as (型),
or if as (型),
then
Proof.
(型): Denote :
Then for any , , such that
By 【Theorem 5.9 柯西中值定理】, we have
for some between and .
Then, for , we have
That means
This complete the proof.
(型): 略,要考試了,來不及了,這個期中考了,期末不會考的!
Derivatives of Higher Order [高階微分]Def. [高階微分] (5.14)
If has a derivative on an interval, and if is itself differentiable, we denote the derivative of by and call the second derivative of . Continuing in this manner, we obtain functions
each of which is the derivative of the preceding one. is called the nth derivative, or the derivative of order , of .
In order for to exist at a point , must exist in a neighborhood of (or one-sided neighborhood). And must be differentiable at . Since must exist in a neighborhood of , must be differentiable in that neighborhood.
Taylor's Theorem [泰勒定理]Theorem [泰勒定理] (5.15)
Suppose is a real function on , is a positive integer, is continuous on , exists for every . Let , be distinct points of , and define (泰勒多項式)
Then there exists a point between and such that
For , this is just the mean value theorem. In general, the theorem shows that can be approximated by a ploynomial of degree , and that equation above allows us to estimate the error, if we know bounds on .
We have to show that for some between and . We know
Hence the proof will be complete if we can show that for some between and .
Since for , we have
Our choice of shows that , so that for some between and , by the mean value theorem. Since , we conclude similarly that for some between and .
After steps we arrive at the conclusion that for some between and , that is, between and .
Differentiation of Vector-Valued Functions [向量函數的微分]Remark. [向量函數的可微性] (5.16)
For complex functions, 【Def. 5.1】 applies without any change to complex functions defined on , and 【Theorem 5.2 可微必定連續】 and 【Theorem 5.3 微分計算方法】, as well as their proofs, remain valid.
If and are the real and imaginary parts of , that is, if
for , where and are real, then we clearly have
also, is differentiable at if and only if both and are differentiable at .