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In December 2019, there was a cluster of pneumonia cases in China. Investigations found that it was caused by a previously unknown virus – now named the 2019 Novel Coronavirus.
2019年12月，中國出現了一批肺炎病例。調查發現，它是由一種以前未知的病毒引起的，這種病毒現在被命名為2019年新型冠狀病毒。
In this video, we』ll take a quick look at what’s currently known about the virus.
通過這段視頻，我們可以快速了解這種病毒。
Keep in mind that this is a new virus and what’s known about the virus now might change in the future.
但是請記住，這是一種新型病毒，未來我們對這種病毒的認識可能會改變。
Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses.
冠狀病毒是病毒的一個大類。
They consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by an envelope with protein spikes. This gives it the appearance of a crown. Crown in Latin is called 「corona」 and that’s how these viruses get their name.
它們的構成包括自身的遺傳物質和四周的蛋白質突觸外殼。這讓它們看起來像一個王冠。王冠在拉丁語中叫做「corona」，冠狀病毒由此得名。
There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms. Respiratory disease can range from the common cold to pneumonia.
各種類型的冠狀病毒會導致人體產生呼吸道症狀，有時還會有胃腸道症狀。呼吸系統產生普通感冒甚至是肺炎。
And in most people, the symptoms tend to be mild.
但對於大多數人，症狀往往比較輕微。
However, there are some types of coronaviruses that can cause severe disease.
然而，有些冠狀病毒能引起嚴重的疾病。
These include the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus first identified in China in 2003 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
這其中就包括2003年在中國首次發現的重症急性呼吸症候群（SARS）冠狀病毒和2012年在沙烏地阿拉伯首次發現的中東呼吸症候群（MERS）冠狀病毒。
The 2019 Novel Coronavirus was first identified in China.
2019年新型冠狀病毒首先在中國發現。
It initially occurred in a group of people with pneumonia who』d been associated with a seafood and live animal market in the city of Wuhan. The disease has since spread from those who were sick to others, including family members and health care staff.
最先感染這種病毒的一些肺炎患者都曾與武漢華南海鮮市場有關聯。之後，又出現了人傳人，傳染了他（她）們的家人和醫護人員。
There are many cases at present and the disease has spread within China and also to a number of other countries.
目前已經確診很多病例，這種疾病已經在中國境內傳播，並蔓延到其他不少國家。
So, where did the virus come from?
那麼病毒的傳播源頭在哪裡呢？
It’s known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of animals.
眾所周知，冠狀病毒在多種動物中傳播。
Sometimes these viruses can make the jump from animals to humans. This is called a spillover and could be due to a range of factors such as mutations in the virus or increased contact between humans and animals.
有時，這些病毒會由動物傳播到人類。我們把這種現象稱為跨物種傳播，產生的原因有多種，比如病毒突變或者人與動物之間的密切接觸。
For example, MERS-CoV is known to be transmitted from camels and SARS-CoV, from civet cats.
舉個例子，目前我們已經確認MERS-CoV是由駱駝傳播給人類的，SARS-CoV是由果子狸傳播給人類的。
The animal reservoir of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus is not known yet.
2019年新型冠狀病毒的動物宿主目前尚不清楚。
How is it transmitted?
它是如何傳播的？
The exact dynamics of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined.
病毒的傳播途徑尚待進一步明確。
In general, respiratory viruses are usually transmitted through droplets created when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through something that has been contaminated with the virus.
一般來說，呼吸道病毒通常通過受感染者咳嗽或打噴嚏時產生的飛沫或接觸被病毒汙染的東西傳播。
People most at risk of infection from the Novel Coronavirus are those in close contact with animals, such as live animal market workers, and those who are caring for people infected with the virus, such as family members or healthcare workers.
最有可能感染新型冠狀病毒的是那些與動物有密切接觸的人，比如在活體動物市場工作的人，以及那些照顧病毒感染者的人，如病人的家庭成員或醫護人員。
So, how does the disease present?
那麼感染這種病毒會出現哪些症狀呢？
Well, from what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath.
從目前已知的情況來看，可能有很多症狀，從輕微到嚴重不等。可能有發燒和呼吸系統症狀，如咳嗽和呼吸急促。
In more severe cases, there’s been pneumonia, kidney failure, and death. The mortality rate is not known yet.
在更嚴重的病例中，有肺炎，腎衰竭和死亡。死亡率尚不清楚。
How can we tell whether someone is infected?
我們如何確診？
The infection can be diagnosed by a test called PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction. This test identifies the virus based on its genetic fingerprint.
可以通過一種叫做PCR(聚合酶鏈式反應)的檢測方法來診斷。這項測試根據病毒的基因組序列來識別病毒。
There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care. There’s currently no vaccine to protect against the virus. Treatment and vaccines are in development.
目前還沒有專門針對該病毒的特效藥，只有支持性護理。目前還沒有預防這種病毒的疫苗。療法和疫苗正在開發中。
聚合酶鏈式反應是一種用於放大擴增特定的DNA片段的分子生物學技術，它可看作是生物體外的特殊DNA複製。
PCR的最大特點，是能將微量的DNA大幅增加。
因此，無論是化石中的古生物、歷史人物的殘骸，還是幾十年前兇殺案中兇手所遺留的毛髮、皮膚或血液，只要能分離出一丁點的DNA，就能用PCR加以放大，進行比對。
這也是「微量證據」的威力之所在。
由1983年美國Mullis首先提出設想，1985年由其發明了聚合酶鏈反應，即簡易DNA擴增法，意味著PCR技術的真正誕生。
2019年8月7日，PCR（聚合酶鏈式反應）技術的發明人，Mullis因病去世，享年74歲。對於他的貢獻，1998年的《紐約時報》評價：「生物學自此分為PCR之前，PCR之後」。
How do we prevent transmission of the virus?
如何阻止病毒傳播？
This new virus currently has a limited geographic spread. However, there are a number of standard hygiene practices that have been recommended to protect against infection and further spread.
這種新型病毒目前傳播的地理範圍還比較有限。為了防止病毒感染和進一步傳播，我們建議採用那些標準的衛生做法。
These include covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a medical mask, tissue or flexed elbow; avoiding close contact with those who are unwell; the appropriate use of masks and personal protective equipment, especially in a healthcare setting; washing hands regularly with soap and water, or alcohol-based hand rub.
這包括咳嗽或打噴嚏時用醫用口罩、紙巾或彎曲的胳膊肘捂住口鼻；避免與不適者密切接觸；適當使用口罩和個人防護設備，特別在醫院要做好防護；定期用肥皂和水洗手，或用酒精洗手。
Actions that can be taken to prevent infection from an animal source include: avoiding unnecessary unprotected contact with animals; washing hands after contact with animals or animal products; and ensuring that animal products are cooked thoroughly before they’re consumed.
可採取的防止動物源感染的措施包括：避免與動物不必要的無保護接觸；接觸動物或動物製品後洗手；確保動物製品在食用前徹底煮熟。
It’s important to stay home if you’re feeling unwell. But if you have a fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early and share your previous travel history with your healthcare provider.
如果你覺得身體不舒服，千萬不要出門。但如果你發燒、咳嗽、呼吸困難，請儘早就醫，並把你的出行軌跡告知你的醫療服務提供者。
That’s a quick look at this emerging infectious disease.
以上就是對這種新出現的傳染病的快速介紹。
Given that this outbreak is evolving rapidly, what’s known about this virus can change, please check the websites below for the most up-to-date information.
鑑於此次疫情發展迅速，有關該病毒的認知可能隨時發生新的變化，請查詢以下網站獲取最新信息。
國家應急能力評估指南
國家能力審查工具的主要目的是為了更好地了解現有的檢測和應對新型冠狀病毒的能力。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/national-capacities-review-tool-for-a-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)
患者管理指南
重症急性呼吸道感染的臨床管理
該指南提供了針對因疑似感染新型冠狀病毒而患有重症急性呼吸道感染（SARI）的住院患者（成人和兒童）的臨床看護建議。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected
家庭護理指南
該指南的目的是為有輕度症狀的疑似新型冠狀病毒（2019-nCoV）感染者提供安全的家庭護理建議，並提供與無症狀感染者接觸的相關公共衛生管理措施。
英文版:
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/home-care-for-patients-with-suspected-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-presenting-with-mild-symptoms-and-management-of-contacts
中文版:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330671/9789240000896-chi.pdf
口罩使用指南
本文件就新型冠狀病毒暴發針對在社區、家庭護理和醫療環境中該如何佩戴口罩提出建議。英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-health-care-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak
應急傳播及社區參與指南
該指南旨在為各國實施有效的應急傳播及社區參與策略提供具有可操作性的指導，有助於在新型冠狀病毒的早期響應中保護公眾健康。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/risk-communication-and-community-engagement-readiness-and-initial-response-for-novel-coronaviruses-(-ncov)
中文版：
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330678/9789240000810-chi.pdf
監測和病例確診指南
全球監測的目的是監測以人傳人和/或人畜間傳播方式感染的疾病發展趨勢；在病毒沒有傳播的國家中迅速檢測出新病例；提供用於在國家、區域和全球層面進行風險評估以及指導應對措施的流行病學信息。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/surveillance-and-case-definitions
醫療機構內感染防控指南
該指南適用於醫療機構以及國家和地區/省級層面的醫護人員（HCW）、醫療管理者和IPC團隊。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125
中文版：
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330674/9789240000957-chi.pdf
疾病診療工具包
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/disease-commodity-package---novel-coronavirus-(ncov)
實驗室檢測指南
該指南為針對在中國武漢暴發的由新型冠狀病毒引起的肺炎疫情患者進行實驗室測試的實驗室和相關工作者提供臨時指導。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance
早期調查指南
醫務工作者潛在危險因素評估指南
該指南旨在為識別醫護人員中感染新型冠狀病毒的危險因素提供流行病學和血清學信息。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/protocol-for-assessment-of-potential-risk-factors-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection-among-health-care-workers-in-a-health-care-setting
家庭聚集性傳播調查指南
該指南旨在對新型冠狀病毒的臨床醫學、流行病學和病毒學特徵提供快速早期信息。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/household-transmission-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection
首發病例和接觸人員調查指南
該指南為存在地理和人口學差異的國家或地區提供早期調查的標準化操作建議
英文版：
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection
臨床病例記錄表
該病例記錄表旨在為收集臨床數據提供一種標準化的方法，以便更好地了解疾病的自然史並更好地描述疾病的臨床表型和治療幹預措施（即臨床特徵）。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-ncov-crf.pdf
減少從動物到人類的傳播
本文件提供了世衛組織針對減少從動物到人類的傳播所提出的一般性建議。
英文版：
https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/who-recommendations-to-reduce-risk-of-transmission-of-emerging-pathogens-from-animals-to-humans-in-live-animal-markets
想要了解更多，關注世衛組織關於新型冠狀病毒技術指南合集，獲取最新指南：
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance
BBC史詩大片：被病毒感染者是如何自愈的？（視頻+文字中英文）