Text BWorlds within Worlds
New Words
1.planet n.行星
2.revolve vi.旋轉；繞轉
3.solar a.太陽的，日光的；利用太陽光的
4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地
5.glitter vi.閃閃發光，閃爍
n.閃光
6.cloudless a.無雲的，晴朗的
7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的
8.astronaut n.太空人
9.thrilling a.1.令人激動的；2.顫動的，震顫的
10.outer a.外部的
11.whereas conj.而，卻；反之
12.lesser a.較小的，更少的，次要的
13.concerned a.1.有關的；2.關切的，擔心的
14.microscopic a.1.顯微鏡的；2.微觀的；3.微小的，細微的
15.whilst conj.1.當…時；2.然而；3.雖然，儘管
16.plateau （[復]plateaus或plateaux） n.高原
17.tropical a.1.熱帶的；2.炎熱的
18.coloured a.有色的
19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
20.circumstance n.[pl.]情況，環境；境遇
Phrases and Expressions
1.a great many 很多
2.above all 首先，首要
3.as a rule 通常；一般說來
together with 和
First of all let us consider the earth （that is to say， the world） as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets， together with the sun， make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space， and one of the smallest.
The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system， however， we are learning more every day.
Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away， but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon， by the way， is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words， it goes round the sun with our earth.
The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called 「oceans」 and the lesser areas are called 「seas.」
In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a 「current.」 There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas， but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst， in other areas， most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges， plains， plateaux， deserts， tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins， living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion， government， education and social behaviour.
The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people ， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.
詞彙講解：
1.revolve v.旋轉，繞轉
The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。
2.solar adj.太陽的，日光的，利用太陽光的例：the solar system 太陽系
3.whereas ： conj.而，卻，反之
He must be about sixty， whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60歲了，而他的妻子看起來只有30歲。
You eat a massive plate of food for lunch， whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盤食物，而我只吃了個三明治。
4.concerned ：有關的，關心的，擔心的
I was quite a shock for all concerned.這對所有有關人士都是一個震驚。
Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英語有關。
5.tropical adj.熱帶的，炎熱的
I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.
我想生活在某個屬於熱帶氣候的地方
August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎熱
6.circumstance n.環境，情況，境遇
We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.
我們只有在了解所有的情況後才能作出決定。
詞組
1.a great many ， a good many 很多（後邊加可數名詞）
2.above all ：最重要的，尤其；首先
Above all ， don't forget to write.最重要的是別忘了寫信。
In choosing the curtain for a room， you should consider the material from the point of view of texture， its weight， its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑選房間窗簾面料時，你應該考慮質地、重量和圖案等，但最重要的是顏色。
3.as a rule ：在多數情況下，通常，一般而言 = usually
As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六點前在家。
As a rule， I only read detective novels.通常我只讀偵探小說。
4.together with ：和，連同
These new facts， together with the other evidence， prove the prisoner's innocence.這些新的事實連同其他證據證明這個犯人清白無辜。
John， together with his brother， has gone to the party.約翰連同他的兄弟一起去參加宴會了。
注意together with 作插入語時，句子的謂語動詞的數取決於前面的主語。
重點句子：
1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
which 引導定語從句
so… that…結果狀語從句中it為形式主語
2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which引導非限定性定語從句，修飾the moon
vegetation 植物
whereas = while 然而
alive意為「有活力的」，在句中作表語。類似的形容詞還有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等
in every respect 在每一個方面
3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
to be flowing不定式作主語補語
concerned 是分詞作定語，修飾the ocean or sea
4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
Thousands/hundreds of + 名詞複數
Eg.Hundreds of meters
此處waters指的是「大片的水，水域」
peoples 表示人種
woods 表示森林，樹木
5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.
三個定語從句，由under which 和兩個in which 引導，
第一個：under which different people live 修飾 circumstances
第二個：in which they live 修飾 the way
第三個：in which we live 修飾 the way
ought to = should 應該
business 責任，業務
it是形式主語，真正主語是to try to understand those different circumstances
目的狀語從句，由so that引導
other lands 其它國家
6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
注意動詞 avoid 後接動名詞作賓語
decide 判定
what 引導賓語從句作deciding的賓語
they have to live 是省略連詞的定語從句，修飾lives
7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.
注意 the more …， the better…， the better … 比較結構
Unit 2 補充語法知識
that 與 which引導定語從句的異同點：
that不可引導非限制性定語從句 which可引導非限制性定語從句
that 不可用作介詞賓語 which可用作介詞賓語介詞+ which
in that 「在於」，是複合連詞，非介詞賓語
that 可以用於指代人或物 which不可以用於指代人
當先行詞是不定代詞、序數詞、形容詞最高級所修飾的詞時，只能用that而不能用which引導定語從句
比如everything， anything， first， second等
Unit 2 練習：
1.詞彙英譯漢：
escape， explode， collapse， shrink， gravity， measurement， basis， launch， convincing， companion，
speculation， swallow， operate， to make use of， a great many， above all
2.句子英譯漢：
1） Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2） The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3） Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4） If a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5） It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6） On the other hand， scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
7） There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8） They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
3 句子漢譯英
黑洞是什麼，天文學家還沒有完全解決這個問題。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
據說黑洞可以將其周圍的一切物體，如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them， such as stars .
對黑洞的研究剛剛開始，各種各樣的假說層出不窮。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科學家仍不能說出黑洞內發生了什麼。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我們認識了黑洞，黑洞就不那麼可怕了。
If we understood black holes， they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
歷年考題：
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ______ which matter has fallen and ______ which nothing can escape.
A.towards … towards B.into … from C.out of … from D.through… from
答案是B.考點：定語從句中介詞+which 的結構；fall into 掉進去； escape from 從… 逃離。
2.漢譯英：要說出黑洞裡面發生了什麼是不可能的。（不定式作主語）
答案：It is impossible to say what happens inside the black hole.
3.漢譯英：只是在最近天文學家才開始對黑洞進行具體研究。（強調句型）
答案：It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
4.漢譯英：有些星辰的密度達到某一點就會爆炸。
答案：Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point .
Unit 2 單元課後練習
Ⅰ Word Spelling
1.密度 n.d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩潰 v.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.邊界線，邊界 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恆的，經久不變的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基礎，根據 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.發射，發動 v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.雙胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人類 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推測，猜測 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物質 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情況，環境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.發生，出現 v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.強烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.證據 n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不見的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.太空人 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.熱帶的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ Word Form
1.Supernovae____（report） by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble， but still____（have） the same mass， and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
3.If one____（make） a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges， plains， and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____（believe） to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____（pull） towards the companion star.
6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____（swallow） up stars at a very rapid rate.
7.The most____（convince） evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____（total） different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____（consist） largely of high mountains and deep valleys.
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____（colour） skins.
ⅢVocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space （not a thing）____which matter has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars，____their name suggests， are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems， astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star， a 'partner' to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5.On the other hand， scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too， which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route
8.In August 1977， a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense
[D] individual
10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary， But____，matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[A] in addition
[B] in person
[C] in detail
[D] in theory
ⅣC-E Translation
1.這個收縮的過程如此強烈，以至於黑洞產生了。
2.直到最近天文學家們才開始研究黑洞。
3.但是從理論上說，物質在黑洞裡的行為一定非常不同。
4.黑洞最強有力的證據來自對雙星系的研究。
5.有一天也許人類也會遭此命運。
單元自測答案 Unit 2
Ⅰ Word Spelling
1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary
4.constant 5.basis 6.launch
7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind
10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate
13.matter 14.circumstance 15.occur
16.intense 17.evidence 18.invisible
19.astronaut 20.tropical
Ⅱ Word Form
1.were reported 2.having 3.made
4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing
7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists
10.coloured
ⅢVocabulary and Structure
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
ⅣC-E Translation
1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results.
2.It is only recently/It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
3.But in theory， matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.
4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.