DOI：http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.029
更新時間諮詢下大家的意見，因為最近閱讀量確實有些慘澹。
本篇文獻翻譯還參考了中國水稻研究所倪建平老師發表在《中國稻米》雜誌上的對朱健康院士綜述「Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants」的譯文。
Several SOS3-like calcium-binding proteins are phosphorylated by their interacting SOS2-like protein kinases, and the phosphorylation appears important for the activation of the kinases by the calcium-binding proteins.
一些類SOS3的鈣結合蛋白能被與其結合的類SOS2的蛋白激酶磷酸化。這種磷酸化似乎對鈣結合蛋白激活激酶很重要。
In the resting state or under non-stress conditions, SOS2 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins to ensure that SOS2 is inactive.
the resting state 靜息狀態
在靜息狀態或無脅迫條件下，SOS2與14-3-3 蛋白互作，以確保SOS2處於非激活狀態。
In addition, SOS2 interacts with the type 2C protein phosphatase ABI2, which may keep SOS2 inactive.
the type 2C protein phosphatase ABI2 2C類的蛋白磷酸酶
2C類蛋白磷酸酶(PP2C-type protein phosphatases,PP2C)是一類絲氨酸/ 蘇氨酸殘基蛋白磷酸酶，在細胞內以單體形式存在,酶催化活性依賴於Mg2+或Mn2+。PP2C通過去磷酸化作用負調控蛋白激酶級聯信號系統，參與細胞周期、脅迫信號轉導、基因轉錄、蛋白質翻譯及翻譯後修飾等細胞活動過程。
此外，SOS2與2C類蛋白磷酸酶ABI2相互作用，也使SOS2處於非激活狀態。
The SOS pathway was the first abiotic stress-signaling pathway established in plants.
SOS 途徑是植物中建立的第一個非生物脅迫信號途徑。
The central signaling component, SOS2, represents a large family of protein kinases whose catalytic domain is similar to the yeast sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) and mammalian AMP-activated kinase (AMPK).
The central signaling component 中心信號元件
the yeast sucrose non-fermenting 酵母蔗糖非發酵型蛋白激酶
中心信號元件SOS2代表了一個大的蛋白激酶家族，這些蛋白激酶的催化域與酵母蔗糖非發酵蛋白激酶SNF1以及和哺乳動物AMP激活的蛋白激酶（AMPK）相似。
In Arabidopsis, these proteins are generally referred to as SNF1-related kinases (SnRKs). SnRKs have 3 members in subfamily 1 (SnRK1s), 10 members in subfamily 2 (SnRK2s), and 25 members in subfamily 3 (SnRK3s).
subfamily 亞家族
在擬南芥中，這些蛋白質通常稱為SNF1相關激酶(SnRKs)。（SnRKs 包括3 個亞家族，）其中有3個成員在亞家族1（SnRK1s）中，有 10 個成員在亞家族2（SnRK2s）中，有 25 個成員在亞家族3（SnRK3s）中。
Each of the 25 SnRK3s (aka PKSs or CIPKs), which include the founding member SOS2, interacts with one or more members of the family of 10 SOS3-like calcium-binding proteins (SCaBPs, aka CBLs) .
aka 又名，也被稱作
the founding member 創始成員，元老級成員
SnRK3s（也被稱作 PKSs或 CIPKs） 亞家族中25個成員中的任何一個包括元老級成員SOS2，能和類SOS3鈣結合蛋白（SCaBPs，也被稱作 CBLs）家族的10個成員中的一個或多個成員相互作用。
The interaction is mediated through a common motif known as FISL in the N-terminal regulatory region of the kinases.
motif 基序，蛋白質分予中以特定幾何圖形排列的二級結構單位，又稱超二級結構(supersecondary structure)。例如，α-螺旋-轉角-α-螺旋，α-螺旋-β-片層-α-螺旋。
這種相互作用是通過激酶N末端調節區中一種被稱為FISL的共同基序來介導的。
Deletion of the FISL motif or the entire regulatory region leads to constitutive activation of the kinases.
constitutive activation 組成性激活，結構性激活
組成性表達：（constitutive gene expression）是指在個體發育的任一階段都能在大多數細胞中持續進行的基因表達。其基因表達產物通常是對生命過程必需的或必不可少的，且較少受環境因素的影響。這類基因通常被稱為管家基因。
某些信號轉導蛋白在突變後獲得了自發激活和持續性激活的能力，被稱為組成性激活突變。
FISL基序或整個調節區域的缺失會導致激酶的組成性激活。
The large number of possible SCaBP/CBL-PKS/CIPK combinations suggests that the Ca2+-SOS3-SOS2 signaling principle is widely used in plants.
combinations 組合
大量SCaBP/CBL-PKS/CIPK的可能組合表明，Ca2+-SOS3-SOS2 信號途徑在植物中被廣泛使用。
Indeed, the CBL-CIPK module is important for various abiotic stress-signaling pathways where calcium serves as a second messenger and particularly where regulation of ion transporter activities is involved.
事實上，CBL-CIPK 模塊在鈣作為第二信使，尤其是調控離子轉運蛋白活性的各種非生物信號的信號轉導途徑中有重要作用。
For example, low potassium stress, which presumably triggers a cytosolic calcium signal, activates CIPK23 via CBL1 and CBL9 to phosphorylate and activate the potassium channel AKT1.
potassium 鉀
例如低鉀脅迫可能觸發胞質鈣信號，通過CBL1和CBL9激活CIPK23，使其磷酸化並激活鉀通道AKT1。
SCaBP1 interacts with and activates PKS5/CIPK11 and PKS24/CIPK14, which phosphorylate and inhibit H+-ATPase on the plasma membrane. This inhibition is important for cellular pH regulation.
SCaBP1與PKS5/CIPK11以及PKS24/CIPK14互作並激活它們，繼而使其磷酸化並抑制質膜上H+-ATPase活性。這種抑制作用對於細胞 pH值的調節非常重要。
CBL2 and CBL3 function redundantly with their interacting proteins CIPK3/9/23/26 to regulate Mg2+sequestration in the vacuole that is important for tolerance to high Mg2+stress.
function redundantly 功能冗餘
CBL2和CBL3與它們的相互作用蛋白CIPK3/9/23/26在調節液泡中的Mg2+含量上功能冗餘，這對高濃度Mg2+脅迫下的耐受性有重要意義。
Other CBL-CIPK combinations are known to regulate various transporters important for plant responses to nitrate, ABA, or other abiotic stresses.
nitrate 硝酸鹽
其他已知的CBL-CIPK組合調節不同的轉運蛋白，對植物響應硝酸鹽、脫落酸及其他非生物脅迫逆境具有重要作用。
刷上去看看英文原文再複習一遍看能看還能看懂多少。