一項新的研究發現,抗逆轉錄病毒藥物或能在一定程度上降低愛滋病的感染風險和傳播速度。相關研究11月24日在線發表在《新英格蘭醫學》雜誌上。
美國亞特蘭大市疾病預防控制中心的凱文·芬頓稱:「這項研究可看作是愛滋病預防領域的一項重大進展。它第一次證明了定期服用藥物可部分減少愛滋病在男同性戀和雙性戀男性高危人群中的傳播速度。」
負責這項研究的美國加州大學舊金山分校的羅伯特·格蘭特和一個國際研究小組招募了2499名男同性戀和雙性戀男性參與試驗。這些愛滋病病毒檢測呈陰性的志願者分別來自美國、秘魯、厄瓜多、南非、巴西和泰國。研究人員將其分為兩組,一半被要求服用一種隨機指定的安慰劑,另一半則服用含有兩種抗逆轉錄病毒藥物(恩曲他濱和替諾福韋)的藥片。兩組人員使用的藥片在外形上並無明顯區別。
在試驗持續一年時間之後,共有100名參與者感染愛滋病。其中服用安慰劑的有64人,服用抗逆轉錄病毒藥物的有36人。數據顯示,與對照組相比,服藥組感染率普遍較低,獲得了理想的預防效果。
華盛頓大學流行病學專家康妮·塞勒姆說,這種預防性藥物的試用試驗不可避免地會存在一些風險,有些志願者可能會認為他們受到了保護而更加無所顧忌,從而採取一些高危行為,因此必須通過健康輔導和一定的醫療服務來抵消此負面效應。當然,直接告訴志願者「你們的藥物可能是安慰劑」的方式或許更有效。
新的研究也證實了塞勒姆的說法。研究人員稱,實際上在參與試驗後志願者中的高危行為的確有所減少,這可能是因為在整個試驗期間都會免費發放安全套,並有健康輔導和定期的針對愛滋病病毒和其他性傳播疾病的檢測。
塞勒姆說:「在防治愛滋病的鬥爭中,目前不少人都把熱情更多地集中在了藥物預防上,但除此之外,健康諮詢、知識普及以及一定的醫療服務也是不可或缺的。至少到目前為止,還沒有哪一種單獨的方法能在愛滋病的防治中起到壓倒性的效果。」(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
NEJM doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1011205
Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Robert M. Grant, M.D., M.P.H., Javier R. Lama, M.D., M.P.H., Peter L. Anderson, Pharm.D., Vanessa McMahan, B.S., Albert Y. Liu, M.D., M.P.H., Lorena Vargas, Pedro Goicochea, M.Sc., Martín Casapía, M.D., M.P.H., Juan Vicente Guanira-Carranza, M.D., M.P.H., Maria E. Ramirez-Cardich, M.D., Orlando Montoya-Herrera, M.Sc., Telmo Fernández, M.D., Valdilea G. Veloso, M.D., Ph.D., Susan P. Buchbinder, M.D., Suwat Chariyalertsak, M.D., Dr.P.H., Mauro Schechter, M.D., Ph.D., Linda-Gail Bekker, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D., Kenneth H. Mayer, M.D., Esper Georges Kallás, M.D., Ph.D., K. Rivet Amico, Ph.D., Kathleen Mulligan, Ph.D., Lane R. Bushman, B.Chem., Robert J. Hance, A.A., Carmela Ganoza, M.D., Patricia Defechereux, Ph.D., Brian Postle, B.S., Furong Wang, M.D., J. Jeff McConnell, M.A., Jia-Hua Zheng, Ph.D., Jeanny Lee, B.S., James F. Rooney, M.D., Howard S. Jaffe, M.D., Ana I. Martinez, R.Ph., David N. Burns, M.D., M.P.H., and David V. Glidden, Ph.D. for the iPrEx Study Team
Background
Antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis before exposure is a promising approach for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition.
Methods
We randomly assigned 2499 HIV-seronegative men or transgender women who have sex with men to receive a combination of two oral antiretroviral drugs, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC–TDF), or placebo once daily. All subjects received HIV testing, risk-reduction counseling, condoms, and management of sexually transmitted infections.
Results
The study subjects were followed for 3324 person-years (median, 1.2 years; maximum, 2.8 years). Of these subjects, 10 were found to have been infected with HIV at enrollment, and 100 became infected during follow-up (36 in the FTC–TDF group and 64 in the placebo group), indicating a 44% reduction in the incidence of HIV (95% confidence interval, 15 to 63; P=0.005). In the FTC–TDF group, the study drug was detected in 22 of 43 of seronegative subjects (51%) and in 3 of 34 HIV-infected subjects (9%) (P<0.001). Nausea was reported more frequently during the first 4 weeks in the FTC–TDF group than in the placebo group (P<0.001). The two groups had similar rates of serious adverse events (P=0.57).
Conclusions
Oral FTC–TDF provided protection against the acquisition of HIV infection among the subjects. Detectable blood levels strongly correlated with the prophylactic effect. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458393.)