English in Mind 4 Wordlist

unitEnglish wordn, v, adj, adv, prep, conjphonetic scriptdefinitionexample sentence1according toprepəˈkɔːdɪŋ tuas stated byAccording to Sarah they're not getting on very well at the moment.1additionaladjəˈdɪʃənəlextraadditional costs/problems1aggressionnəˈɡreʃənspoken or physical behaviour which is threatening or involves harm to someone or somethingSome types of dog are bred for aggression.1aggressiveadjəˈɡresɪvbehaving in an angry and violent way towards another personMen tend to be more aggressive than women.1alternatevˈɔːltɜːnətto happen or exist one after the other repeatedlyShe alternated between cheerfulness and deep despair.1amateuradjˈæmətəʳtaking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a joban amateur astronomer / boxer / historian1anti-terroradjˌæn.tiˈterəʳagainst terrorism (= violent acts for political purposes)The police have developed some new anti-terror tactics.1appealingadjəˈpiːlɪŋattractive or interestingThe idea of not having to get up early every morning is rather appealing (to me).1areanˈeəriəa particular part of a place, piece of land or countryAll areas of the country will have some rain tonight.1attentionnəˈtentʃənnotice, thought or interestLadies and gentlemen, could I have your attention, please?1attractvəˈtrækt(of people, things, places, etc.) to pull or draw someone or something towards them, by the qualities they have, especially good onesThese flowers are brightly coloured in order to attract butterflies.1bare-chestedadjˌbeəʳˈtʃestɪdwithout any covering or clothes on the upper part of the bodyIt was so hot that the boys played football bare-chested.1beltnbelta belt (= a strip of leather or material worn around the waist) given as a sports prizeHe was give the world title belt.1Berlinnbɜːˈlɪnthe capital city of GermanyBerlin is a very interesting city.1boardnbɔːda flat piece of wood or other hard material with a special pattern on it, used for playing gamesChess is played on a board.1boovbuːto make an expression of strong disapproval or disagreementPeople at the back started booing loudly.1boxernˈbɒksəʳsomeone who takes part in the sport of boxingHe was a heavyweight boxer before he became an actor.1boxingnˈbɒksɪŋa sport in which two competitors fight by hitting each other with their handsMany doctors believe that boxing is too dangerous and should be banned.1canoenkəˈnuːa small light narrow boat, pointed at both ends and moved using a paddle a short pole with a flat bladeHe often goes out on the lake in his canoe.1capnkæpa thin hat that stops your hair getting wet when swimming or taking a showera shower/swimming cap1categorynˈkætəɡəri(in a system for dividing things according to appearance, quality, etc.) a type, or a group of things having some features that are the sameThere are three categories of accommodation - standard, executive and deluxe.1celebratevˈseləbreɪtto take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is importantWe always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner.1celebrationnˌseləˈbreɪʃəna special social event, such as a party, when you celebrate something, or the act of celebrating somethingThere were lively New Year celebrations all over town.1championnˈtʃæmpiənsomeone or something, especially a person or animal, that has beaten all other competitors in a competitionan Olympic champion1checkmatenˈtʃekmeɪta winning position in chess in which you have put the other player's king under a direct attack from which it cannot escapeThat's checkmate - end of the game!1competevkəmˈpiːtto take part in a race or competitionAre you competing in the 100 metres?1competitiveadjkəmˈpetɪtɪvinvolving competition (= trying to win something)competitive sports1compositionnˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃəna short piece of writing about a particular subject, done by a studenta 200-word composition1conclusionnkənˈkluːʒənthe opinion you have after considering all the information about somethingDid you come to/reach/draw any conclusions at the meeting this morning?1confidentadjˈkɒnfɪdəntbeing certain of your abilities or of having trust in people, plans, or the futureBe a bit more confident in yourself!1consequencenˈkɒntsɪkwəntsa result of a particular action or situation, often one which is bad or not convenientNot making a will can have serious consequences for the people you might wish to benefit.1controversialadjˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəlcausing disagreement or discussiona controversial issue/decision/speech/figure1costumenˈkɒstʃuːma swimming costume (= a piece of clothing that women wear for swimming)I bought a new costume for our beach holiday.1courtvkɔːtto have a romantic relationship with someone that you hope to marryThey courted for two years before getting married.1crowdnkraʊda large group of people who have come togetherA crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert.1defenderndɪˈfendəʳsomeone in a sports team who tries to prevent the other team from scoring points, goals, etc.The Brazilian attack put France's defenders under pressure.1definevdɪˈfaɪnto say what the meaning of something, especially a word, isIn this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'.1drawvdrɔːto finish a game with the same number of points as the other person or teamCoventry drew 1-1 with Manchester United.1dryadjdraɪdescribes something that has no water or other liquid in, on, or around itI hung his wet trousers on the radiator, but they're not dry yet.1dunendʒuːna small hill of sand near a beach or in a desertMike's little sister got lost in the dunes for half an hour.1eruptvɪˈrʌptto suddenly express your feelings in a noisy wayWhen the refereree awarded Sheffield United a penalty the crowd erupted.1fascinatevˈfæsɪneɪtto interest someone a lotScience has always fascinated me.1fightnfaɪta boxing competitionThe American boxer won the fight.1fighternˈfaɪtəʳsomeone who fights as a sportIf you want to be a fighter you'll have to train hard.1Finnishadjˈfɪnɪʃfrom, belonging to or relating to FinlandFinnish is one of the two official languages of Finland.1firemannˈfaɪəməna man whose job is to stop fires from burningTom wants to be a fireman when he grows up.1foreheadnˈfɔːhedthe flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hairShe's got a high forehead.1freezingadjˈfriːzɪŋextremely coldIt's freezing in here - can I close the window?1from side to sidenfrɒm saɪd tə saɪdfrom left to right and from right to leftThe curtains were swinging from side to side in the breeze.1gainvɡeɪnto get something that is useful, that gives you an advantage, or that is in some way positive, especially over a period of timeThe Nationalist Party have gained a lot of support in the south of the country.1generationnˌdʒenəˈreɪʃənall the people of about the same age within a society or within a particular familyThe younger generation smoke/smokes less than their parents did.1get sent offphraseɡet sent ɒfto order a sports player to leave the playing area during a game because they have done something wrongAfter the foul, Rooney was sent off.1glorynˈɡlɔːrigreat admiration, honour and praise which you earn by doing something successfullyHe revelled in the glory of scoring three goals in the final 8 minutes.1glovenɡlʌva piece of clothing which is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protectionboxing gloves1goalnɡəʊla point scored in some sports, such as football or hockey, when a player gets the ball into this areaBrazil won by three goals to one.1gogglesplural nˈɡɒɡəlzspecial glasses which fit close to the face to protect the eyes from chemicals, wind, water, etc.ski goggles1grand masternɡrænd ˈmɑːstəʳ (the rank of) a person who plays the game of chess with the highest level of skillHe was the grand master for 5 years in a row.1hangvhæŋto fasten or support something at the top leaving the other parts free to move, or to be held in this wayA heavy gold necklace hung around her neck.1impossibleadjɪmˈpɒsəbəlIf an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achievedIt was impossible to sleep because of the noise.1in favour ofnɪn ˈfeɪvəʳ ɒvhaving the support or approval of something or someoneWe are in favour of him having a gap year. It will be good experience.1in search ofphraseɪn sɜːtʃ ɒvtrying to find somethingShe travelled around the world in search of a husband.1inline skatingnˈɪnlaɪn ˈskeɪtɪŋthe activity of skating whille wearing special skates with a single row of wheels on the bottom of each oneThe inline skating championship was held in Brighton.1introducevˌɪntrəˈdʒuːsto put something into use, operation or a place for the first timeThe smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in 1992.1inventvɪnˈventto design and/or create something which has never been made beforeThe first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903.1ironvˈaɪənto make clothes flat and smooth using an ironIt takes about five minutes to iron a shirt properly.1issuenˈɪʃuːa subject or problem which people are thinking and talking aboutenvironmental/ethical/personal issues1jogvdʒɒɡto run at a slow regular speed, especially as a form of exerciseWhat do you do to keep fit? 'I jog and go swimming.'1long-termadjˌlɒŋˈtɜːmcontinuing a long time into the futurelong-term unemployment1maleadjmeɪldescribes men or boys, or the sex that fertilises eggs, and does not produce babies or eggs itselfmale students1(the) mediasingular n(ðə) ˈmiːdiənewspapers, magazines, radio and television considered as a groupThe issue has been much discussed in the media.1mentaladjˈmentəlrelating to the mind, or involving the process of thinkingHis physical and mental health had got worse.1mentallyadvˈmentəliconnected with or related to the mindmentally ill1mid-airprepˌmɪdˈeəʳa point in the air, not on the groundShe caught the ball in mid-air.1moreoveradvmɔːrˈəʊvəʳ(used to add information) also and more importantlyThe whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.1mostlyadvˈməʊstlimainlyIn the smaller villages, it's mostly usually very quiet at nights.1mountainsidenˈmaʊntɪnsaɪdthe side or slope of a mountainCan you see those goats high up on the mountainside?1musclenˈmʌsəlone of many tissues in the body that can tighten and relax to produce movementneck/back/leg/stomach muscles1muscularadjˈmʌskjələʳrelated to musclesmuscular contractions1nicknamenˈnɪkneɪman informal name for someone or something, especially a name which you are called by your friends or family, usually based on your proper name or your characterWe always use the nickname Beth for our daughter Elizabeth.1non-aggressiveadjˌnɒn əˈɡresɪvnot fighting or using violenceThe dispute needs to be resolved in a non-aggressive way.1obstaclenˈɒbstəkəlsomething that blocks you so that movement, going forward or action are prevented or made more difficultThe biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.1obviousadjˈɒbviəsclear; easy to see, recognise or understandIt's obvious (that) she doesn't like him.1opponentnəˈpəʊnənta person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change ita political opponent1outletnˈaʊtleta way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use ofHer work provided no outlet for her energies and talents.1particularadjpəˈtɪkjələʳspecial, or this and not any otherShe wanted a particular type of cactus.1personallyadvˈpɜːsənəliused when you give your opinionPersonally (speaking), I think the show is going to be a great success.1physicallyadvˈfɪzɪkəliin a way that relates to the body or someone's appearancePhysically I find him very attractive.1pick sb/sth upphrasal vˈpɪk ʌpto lift someone or something using your handsPlease pick up that litter and put it in the bin.1piecenpiːsa single thing which forms part of a seta chess piece1piggybacknˈpɪɡibæka ride on someone's back with your arms round their neck and your legs round their waistI gave her a piggyback ride.1popularitynˌpɒpjəˈlærətiwhen something is liked, enjoyed or supported by many peoplethe increasing popularity of organic food1positiveadjˈpɒzətɪvhopeful and confident, or giving cause for hope and confidencea positive attitude1possessionnpəˈzeʃənwhen you have or own somethingThe possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness.1practisevˈpræktɪsto do or play something regularly or repeatedly in order to become skilled at itI'm quite good at tennis but I need to practise my serve.1preparevprɪˈpeəʳto make or get something or someone ready for something that will happen in the futureHave you prepared for your interview?1pressurenˈpreʃəʳa difficult situation that makes you feel worried or unhappyShe's got a lot of pressure on her at work just now.1proceed to do sthvprəʊˈsiːd təto do something after you have done something elseShe sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing holiday.1pronounnˈprəʊnaʊna word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrasePronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned.1pucknpʌka small hard rubber disc which is used instead of a ball in ice hockey a game played on iceHe hit the puck as hard as he could.1punchvpʌntʃto hit someone or something with your fist closed handHe punched him in the stomach.1purposenˈpɜːpəswhy you do something or why something existsThe purpose of the research is to try and find out more about the causes of the disease.1push the limitsphrasepʊʃ ðə ˈlɪmɪtsto prove how good, strong, etc. you are by doing something difficultHe really pushed the limits when he climbed the mountain.1queennkwiːnthe most powerful piece on the board in the game of chessHe got my queen and it was the end of the game.1racketnˈrækɪta net fixed tightly to an oval frame with a long handle, used in various sports for hitting a balla tennis/squash/badminton racket1refereenˌrefərˈiːa person who is in charge of a sports game and who makes certain that the rules are followedLiverpool only lost the game because the referee was biased.1regardvrɪˈɡɑːdto consider or have an opinion about something or someoneLocal people regard this idea of a motorway through their village with horror.1relative clausenˈrelətɪv klɔːzpart of a sentence which cannot exist independently and which describes a noun which comes before it in the main part of the sentenceIn the sentence 'The woman who I met was wearing a brown hat', 'who I met' is a relative clause.1remoteadjrɪˈməʊtfar away in distance, time or relationremote galaxies1reviewvrɪˈvjuːto consider something in order to make changes to it, give an opinion on it or study itThe committee is reviewing the current arrangement/situation.1ringnrɪŋa special area where people perform or competeThe boxers entered the ring and started fighting.1rinknrɪŋka large flat surface, of ice or other hard material, for skating a sport using special boots to move along or the area or building which contains thisan ice rink1root for sbphrasal vruːt fɔːʳto show support for someone who is in a competition or who is doing something difficultMost of the crowd were rooting for the home team.1roundnraʊnda part of a competitionShe was knocked out of the championship in the third round.1salesmannˈseɪlzməna man whose job is selling things in a shop or directly to customersa car salesman1satisfactionnˌsætɪsˈfækʃəna pleasant feeling which you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you have done something you wanted to doShe looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.1score a goalvskɔːʳ ə ɡəʊlto get a point in football or hockey by getting the ball into a special areaThey scored a goal in the last minute of the match.1self-defencenˌselfdɪˈfentsprotection of yourself, either by fighting or discussionHe used the gun in self-defence.1seriouslyadvˈsɪəriəsliin a serious way, not jokingSeriously now, did he really say that or are you just being silly?1shouldernˈʃəʊldəʳone of the two parts of the body at each side of the neck which join the arms to the rest of the bodyI rested my head on her shoulder.1slidevslaɪdto (cause to) move easily and without interruption over a surfaceWhen I was little I used to like sliding on the polished floor in my socks.1slopensləʊp(part of) the side of a hill or mountaina ski/mountain slope1smartadjsmɑːtintelligent, or able to think quickly or cleverly in difficult situationsGemma's teacher says she's one of the smartest kids in the class.1snookernˈsnuːkəʳa game played by two people in which cues long thin poles are used to hit 15 red balls and 6 balls of different colours into six holes around a table covered in soft cloth in a fixed orderLet's have a game of snooker.1societysingular nsəˈsaɪətia large group of people who live together in an organised way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a societya classless / multicultural / capitalist / civilised society1spectatornspekˈteɪtəʳa person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking partThey won 4-0 in front of over 40 000 cheering spectators.1stepnstepan action in a series of actions taken for a particular purposeThe country is taking its first tentative steps towards democracy.1sticknstɪka long thin piece of wood with a curved end used in playing hockey, or a long thin piece of wood with a triangular shaped net at one end used for playing lacrosse, or a long thin piece of wood with a solid tube-shaped piece fixed horizontally to one end of it used for playing poloa hockey/lacrosse/polo stick1strengthnstreŋkθthe ability to do things that need a lot of physical or mental effortShe had the strength and stamina to take the lead and win the gold medal.1sweatnswetthe salty colourless liquid that you pass through your skinThe dancers were dripping with/pouring with sweat after a morning's rehearsal.1team-matenˈtiːmˌmeɪta player on the same teamI'm glad you're my team-mate - I wouldn't want you as my opponent.1techniquentekˈniːka way of doing an activity which needs skillWe have developed a new technique for detecting errors in the manufacturing process.1the Webnðə webthe system of connected documents on the Internet, which often contain colour pictures, video and sound, and which can be searched for information about a particular subjectJane's been surfing the Web all morning.1thrillnθrɪla feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasantthe thrill of winning a competition1titlenˈtaɪtəlthe position you get by beating all other competitors in a sports competitionHendry won the world snooker title after a tense 35-frame final1torturenˈtɔːtʃəʳa very unpleasant experienceThe rush-hour traffic was sheer torture as usual.1touchvtʌtʃto put your hand or another part of your body lightly onto and off something or someoneThat paint is wet - don't touch (it).1toughadjtʌfstrong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeatedThese toys are made from tough plastic.1treatvtriːtto behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular wayMy parents treated us all the same when we were kids.1trophynˈtrəʊfia prize, such as a gold or silver cup, which is given to the winner of a competition or race, and often returned after a year to be given to the winner of the competition in the following yearHe's an excellent snooker player, but he's never won a major trophy.1turn professionalphrasetɜːn prəˈfeʃənəlto start to do something as a job instead of a hobbyHe's a runner who's just turned professional.1upsetadjʌpˈsetworried, unhappy or angryDon't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it.1upside downadvˈʌpsaɪd daʊnhaving the part which is usually at the top turned to be at the bottomTurn the jar upside down and shake it.1waistnweɪstthe part of the body above and slightly narrower than the hipsa small/narrow/tiny/large/thick waist1wavenweɪva raised line of water which moves across the surface of an area of water, especially the seaAt night, I listened to the sound of the waves breaking/crashing against the shore.1weavevwiːvto go or make a path by moving quickly and changing direction often, especially to avoid hitting thingsTo escape from police officers the thief weaved through/between/in and out of stationary traffic on a bicycle.2anglenˈæŋɡəla way of considering, judging or dealing with somethingLook at the problem from another angle.2annoyvəˈnɔɪto make someone angryTim really annoyed me in the meeting this morning.2appearvəˈpɪəʳto seemYou've got to appear (to be) calm in an interview even if you're terrified underneath.2appearancenəˈpɪərəntsthe way a person or thing looks to other peoplea middle-aged man of smart appearance2as usualadjəz ˈjuːʒəlnormal; happening, done or used most oftenI went to bed at my usual time.2attendvəˈtendto go to an event, place, etc.Over two hundred people attended the funeral.2awkwardadjˈɔːkwədembarrassed or nervousI always feel awkward when I'm with Chris - he's so difficult to talk to.2behaviournbɪˈheɪvjəʳSomeone's behaviour is how they behave (= act in a particular way)Her behaviour is often appalling.2brightadjbraɪtstrong in colourbright sunshine2bubblyadjˈbʌbəli(especially of a woman or girl) attractively full of energy and enthusiasmShe's a very bubbly character.2carelessadjˈkeələsnot taking or showing enough care and attentionMy son's teacher says that his work is often rather careless.2causenkɔːzthe reason why something, especially something bad, happensThe police are still trying to establish the cause of the fire.2charmingadjtʃɑːmɪŋpleasant and attractiveWe had dinner with our director and his charming wife.2commanˈkɒməthe (,) punctuation mark that is used in writing to separate parts of a sentence showing a slight pause, or to separate the single things in a listA comma must always be used before the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause.2conferencenˈkɒnfərəntsan event, sometimes lasting a few days, at which there is a group of talks on a particular subject, or a meeting in which especially business matters are discussed formallya conference on women's rights2connectvkəˈnektto join or be joined with something elseCan I connect my printer to your computer?2connectionnkəˈnekʃənwhen something joins or is joined to something else, or the part or process that makes this possibleThe electricity company guarantees connection within 24 hours.2detestvdɪˈtestto hate someone or something very muchI detest any kind of cruelty.2entirelyadvɪnˈtaɪəlicompletelyI admit it was entirely my fault.2exaggeratevɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtto make something seem larger, more important, better or worse than it really isThe threat of attack has been greatly exaggerated.2film starnfɪlm stɑːʳa famous cinema actorHe's always day dreaming about becoming a famous film star.2gerundnˈdʒerənda word that ends in '-ing' which is made from a v, and which is used like a nIn the sentence 'Everyone enjoyed Tyler's singing', the word 'singing' is a gerund.2get on sb's nervesphraseɡet ɒn nɜːvzto annoy someone a lotWe really got on each other's nerves when we were living together.2give-and-takenˌɡɪvənˈteɪkwillingness to accept suggestions from another person and give up some of your ownIn every friendship there has to be some give-and-take.2goalkeepernˈɡəʊlˌkiːpəʳthe player who stands in the team's goal to try to stop the other team from scoringThe goalkeeper managed to stop the ball just in time.2good-lookingadjˌɡʊdˈlʊkɪŋdescribes a physically attractive man or womanHe's very good-looking but not terribly bright.2gorgeousadjˈɡɔːdʒəsvery beautiful or pleasantWhat a gorgeous room/dress/colour!2gossipnˈɡɒsɪp(a) conversation or reports about other people's private lives which might be unkind, disapproving or not trueHer letter was full of gossip.2grannynˈɡrænigrandmotherMy granny is 85 now.2gridnɡrɪda pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squaresA metal grid had been placed across the hole to stop people falling in.2handsomeadjˈhændsəmdescribes a man who is physically attractive in a traditional, male wayShe's dreaming she'll be whisked off her feet by a tall, dark handsome stranger.2honestlyexclˈɒnɪstliused to emphasise something you sayHonestly, you'd think she'd have asked you first!2honestynˈɒnɪstithe quality of being honestI appreciate your honesty.2hypocriticaladjˌhɪpəʊˈkrɪtɪkəlsaying that you have particular moral beliefs but behaving in a way that shows these are not sincereTheir accusations of corruption are hypocritical - they have been just as corrupt themselves.2illustratevˈɪləstreɪtto show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examplesThe lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.2imaginativeadjɪˈmædʒɪnətɪvgood at producing ideas or things that are unusual, clever or showing skill in inventingan imaginative designer2impressionnɪmˈpreʃənthe way that something seems, looks or feels to a particular personIt makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview.2in boldphraseɪn bəʊldprinted in thick dark lettersImportant words are sometimes written in bold.2infinitivenɪnˈfɪnətɪvthe basic form of a verb that usually follows 'to'In the sentences 'I had to go' and 'I must go', 'go' is an infinitive.2insistvɪnˈsɪstto state or demand forcefully, especially despite oppositionGreg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong.2intellectualadjˌɪntəlˈektʃuəlrelating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideasLooking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation.2interruptvˌɪntəˈrʌptto stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do, or to stop something from happening for a short periodShe tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her.2keenadjkiːnvery interested, eager or wanting (to do) something very muchThey were very keen to start work as soon as possible.2lack of sthnlæk ɒvto not have or not have enough of something that is needed or wantedHer only problem is lack of confidence.2lie aroundphrasal vlaɪ əˈraʊndto spend time lying down and doing very littleI spent a week in Spain, lying around on the beach.2linkvlɪŋkto make a connection between two or more people, things or ideasThe explosions are not thought to be linked in any way.2litternˈlɪtəʳsmall pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public placesAbout 2% of fast-food packaging ends up as litter.2mindvmaɪnd(used in questions and negatives) to be annoyed or worried by somethingDo you mind if I sit here?2mind out!exclmaɪnd aʊtused to tell someone to move or be careful, or to warn them of dangerMind out! We're coming through with the stretcher.2neighbournˈneɪbəʳsomeone who lives very near to youSome of the neighbours have complained about the noise from our party.2never mindexclˈnevəʳ maɪndused to tell someone not to worry about something because it is not importantI'm really sorry about breaking your vase.' 'Never mind - I never liked it anyway.'2practical jokenˈpræktɪkəl dʒəʊka joke which makes someone seem silly and involves a physical action rather than wordsShe glued her boss's cup and saucer together as a practical joke.2presentvprɪˈzentto give, provide or make knownThe winners were presented with medals.2presentnˈprezəntsomething which you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show friendship, or to say thank youa birthday/Christmas/wedding present2pretentiousadjprɪˈtentʃəstrying to appear or sound more important or clever than you are, especially in matters of art and literaturea pretentious art critic2psychologistnsaɪˈkɒlədʒɪstsomeone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on thema child psychologist2pushyadjˈpʊʃibehaving in an unpleasant way by trying too much to get something or to make someone do somethinga pushy salesman2qualitynˈkwɒlətihow good or bad something isa shop advertising top quality electrical goods2relievedadjrɪˈliːvdhappy that something unpleasant has not happened or has endedI'm so relieved to find you - I thought you'd already gone.2respectnrɪˈspektpoliteness, honour and care shown towards someone or something that is considered importantYou really should treat your parents with more respect.2ridiculousadjrɪˈdɪkjələsstupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed atDo I look ridiculous in this hat?2scattyadjˈskætisilly and often forgetting thingsa scatty child2scruffyadjˈskrʌfiuntidy and dirtyThey live in a rather scruffy part of town.2self-centredadjˌselfˈsentədonly interested in yourself and your own activitiesRobert is a self-centred, ambitious and bigoted man.2sensibleadjˈsentsəbəlbased on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understandinga sensible answer/approach/compromise/option2shallowadjˈʃæləʊnot showing serious or careful thoughtI found the film rather shallow.2shyadjʃaɪnervous and uncomfortable with other peopleHe was too shy to ask her to dance with him.2smugadjsmʌɡtoo pleased or satisfied about something you have achieved or something you knowa smug grin2speechnspiːtʃa formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special occasionI had to give/make a speech at my brother's wedding.2staffroomnˈstɑːfrʊma room in a school which is for the use of the teachers when they are not teachingThe government proposal to test 14-year-olds has been causing controversy in the staffroom among teachers.2standvstænd(usually negative) to successfully accept or bear something which is unpleasant or difficultI can't stand her voice.2stuckadjstʌkunable to move, or fixed in a particular position, place or way of thinkingThe door seems to be stuck - can you help me push it open?2sympatheticadjˌsɪmpəˈθetɪkdescribes someone who shows, especially by what they say, that they understand and care about someone's sufferingHe suffers from back trouble too, so he was very sympathetic about my problem.2theorynˈθɪəria formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or of ideas which are suggested to explain a fact or event or, more generally, an opinion or explanationeconomic theory2understandvˌʌndəˈstændto know the meaning of something that someone saysShe explained the whole idea again, but I still didn't understand.2unpleasantadjʌnˈplezəntnot enjoyable or pleasantan unpleasant surprise2unsuitableadjʌnˈsuːtəbəlnot acceptable or right for someone or something; not suitableThe software blocks material that is unsuitable for children.2valuenˈvæljuːhow useful or important something isThe photos are of immense historical value.2walnutnˈwɔːlnʌta nut with a slightly bitter taste and a series of folds in it and a hard shell, or (the expensive light brown wood from) the tree that produces these nutsThe recipe also calls for walnuts.2whoaexclhwəʊused when telling a person to stop what they are doing or to do it more slowlyYes, carrots please, - whoa! That's plenty.2wishvwɪʃused with the past simple tense to express that you feel sorry or sad about a state or situation that exists at the momentI wish (that) I was/were a bit taller.2wittyadjˈwɪtiusing words in a clever and funny waya witty comment/remark3acceptableadjəkˈseptəbəlsatisfactory and able to be agreed to or approved ofClearly we need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties.3action plannˈækʃən plæna detailed set of instructions to follow in order to solve a problem or achieve something:develop/draw up/produce an action plan3advancenədˈvɑːntsthe forward movement of something, or an improvement or development in somethingRecent advances in medical science mean that this illness can now be cured.3advisevədˈvaɪzto give someone adviceI think I'd advise him to leave the company.3announcevəˈnaʊntsto state or make known, especially publiclyThey announced the death of their mother in the local paper.3anticipationnænˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃəna feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen in the near futureAs with most pleasures, it's not so much the experience itself as the anticipation that is enjoyable.3apparentlyadvəˈpærəntliused to say that something seems to be true, although it is not certainAn eighty-year-old woman was badly hurt in what the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack an attack with no obvious purpose.3breathnbreθa single action of breathing air into your lungsI took a deep breath and jumped in.3can't be botheredphrasekɑːnt bɪ ˈbɒðəd(UK) If you can't be bothered doing/to do something, you are too lazy or tired to do it.I can't be bothered to iron my clothes.3charismaticadjˌkærɪzˈmætɪkdescribes a person who has charisma (= a special power which some people have naturally which makes them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration)Few were able to resist this charismatic and persuasive leader.3consciousadjˈkɒntʃəsawake, thinking and knowing what is happening around youHe's still conscious but he's fairly badly injured.3convenientadjkənˈviːniəntsuitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficultyOur local shop has very convenient opening hours.3conveyvkənˈveɪto express a thought, feeling or idea so that it is understood by other peopleHis poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion.3convincevkənˈvɪntsto persuade someone or make them certainHe managed to convince the jury of his innocence.3crossvkrɒsto go across from one side of something to the otherIt's not a good place to cross the road.3cultadjkʌltliked very much by a particular group of peopleThe singer had a cult following in the 1970s.3curiositynˌkjʊəriˈɒsətian eager wish to know or learn about somethingto arouse/excite/satisfy someone's curiosity3denialndɪˈnaɪəla statement that something is not true or does not existThe prime minister issued a denial of the report that she is about to resign.3dimadjdɪmnot giving or having much lightThe lamp gave out a dim light.3dividevdɪˈvaɪdto (cause to) separate into parts or groupsAt the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups.3encouragementnɪnˈkʌrɪdʒməntwords or behaviour that make something more likely to happenThe armed forces are now giving positive encouragement to applications from Asians and black people.3faintadjfeɪntnot strong or clear; slighta faint sound/noise/smell3fallvfɔːlto suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground without intending to or by accidentThe path's very steep, so be careful you don't fall.3fancyadjˈfæntsidecorative or complicatedI wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy.3flapvflæpto wave something, especially wings when or as if flyingA small bird flapped its wings furiously and flew upwards.3fluctuatevˈflʌktʃueɪtto change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and anotherVegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.3formulanˈfɔːmjələa standard or accepted way of doing or making something, the things needed for it, or a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and lettersWe have changed the formula of the washing powder.3gapnɡæpa period of time spent doing something differentAfter a gap of five years, Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time.3genrenˈʒɑ̃ːnrəa style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristicsWhat genre does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy?3get down to sthphrasal vɡet daʊn təto start to direct your efforts and attention towards somethingI'd better get down to the cleaning before everyone arrves home.3get into sthphrasal vɡet ˈɪntəto become interested in an activity or subject, or start being involved in an activityI've really got into running - it's a great way to stay fit.3gripvɡrɪpto hold very tightlyThe baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand.3half-pastphrasehɑːf pɑːstHalf past a particular hour is 30 minutes later than that hourI'll meet you at half past nine.3hazyadjˈheɪzidescribes air or weather that is not clear, especially because of heathazy sunshine3headlongadjˈhedlɒŋwith great speed or without thinkingThe car skidded and plunged headlong over the cliff.3healthilyadvˈhelθɪliin a way that is good for your healthEat healthily and take plenty of exercise.3hear from sbphrasal vhɪəʳ frɒmIf you hear from someone, you get a letter or telephone call from them, or they tell you something.We haven't heard from her for ages.3helplessadjˈhelpləsunable to do anything to help yourself or anyone elsea helpless two-day-old baby3horrornˈhɒrəʳan extremely strong feeling of fear and shock, or the frightening and shocking character of somethingThe crowd cried out in horror as the car burst into flames.3humanitynhjuːˈmænətipeople in generalThe massacre was a crime against humanity.3imminentadjˈɪmɪnəntcoming or likely to happen very soonimminent disaster/danger3incrediblyadvɪnˈkredəbliextremelyHe was incredibly rich/angry/quick.3inventornɪnˈventəʳsomeone who has invented something or whose job is to invent thingsKing C. Gillette was the inventor of the safety razor.3kill timephrasekɪl taɪmto do something that keeps you busy while you are waiting for something else to happenWhat are you going to do to kill time while you wait for me?3levernˈliːvəʳa bar or handle which moves around a fixed point, so that one end of it can be pushed or pulled in order to control the operation of a machine or move a heavy or stiff objectShe pulled the lever but nothing happened.3lifeguardnˈlaɪfɡɑːda person on a beach or at a swimming pool whose job is to make certain that the swimmers are safe and save them if they are in dangerIf it hadn't been for the lifeguard she would have drowned.3likelyadjˈlaɪklidescribes something that will probably happen or is expectedDo remind me because I'm likely to forget.3lose your coolphraseluːz jɔːʳ kuːlto become very angryThe teacher lost her cool and shouted at the class3meditatevˈmedɪteɪtto think calm thoughts in order to relax or as a religious activitySophie meditates for 20 minutes every day.3motionnˈməʊʃənthe act or process of moving, or a particular action or movementThe violent motion of the ship upset his stomach.3motivationnˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃənenthusiasm for doing somethingHe's a bright enough student - he just lacks motivation.3naturallyadvˈnætʃərəlias you would expectNaturally we want to see as few job losses in the industry as possible.3nightmarenˈnaɪtmeəʳa very upsetting or frightening dreama terrifying nightmare3outlinenˈaʊtlaɪnthe main shape or edge of something, without any detailsShe drew the outline of the boat and then coloured it in.3patternnˈpætəna particular way in which something is done, organised or happensThe pattern of family life has been changing over recent years.3peculiaradjpɪˈkjuːliəʳunusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant wayShe has the most peculiar ideas.3procrastinationnprəʊˌkræstɪˈneɪʃənthe habit of delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boringThis procrastination must stop - you've got to deal with the problem.3recommendvˌrekəˈmendto suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be doneI can recommend the chicken in mushroom sauce - it's delicious.3recommendationnˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃənadvice telling someone what the best thing to do isThe report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.3refusalnrɪˈfjuːzəlwhen someone refuses to do or accept somethingOur request for permission to travel met with/received a flat/point-blank refusal from the authorities.3reportnrɪˈpɔːta description of an event or situationa news/weather report3roller-coasternˈrəʊləʳˌkəʊstəʳan exciting entertainment in an amusement park, which is like a fast train that goes up and down very steep slopes and around very sudden bendsWhen he got off the roller coaster he felt sick.3run out of sthphrasal vrʌn aʊt ɒvIf a supply of something runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finishedI've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience.3screennskriːna flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shownOur television has a 19-inch screen.3screwnskruːa thin pointed piece of metal with a raised edge twisting round along its length and a flat top with a cut in it, which is used to join things together, especially pieces of woodHe put the last screw in and the table was made!3sensationnsenˈseɪʃəna general feeling caused by something that happens to you, especially a feeling which you cannot describe exactlyI had the odd sensation (that) someone was following me.3seriesnˈsɪəriːza set of television or radio broadcasts on the same subject or using the same characters but in different situationsThe footballer Paul Gascoigne is to host a Channel 4 television series on soccer skills3shootvʃuːtto move in a particular direction very quickly and directlyShe shot past me several metres before the finishing line.3show your facephraseʃəʊ jɔːʳ feɪsto appear somewhere when you are not expected toHow dare you show your face in here after saying all those dreadful things.3snailnsneɪla small creature with a soft wet body and a round shell, that moves very slowly and often eats garden plantsThe French eat snails.3spinvspɪnto (cause to) turn around and around, especially fastThe Earth spins on its axis.3stressfuladjˈstresfʊlmaking you feel worried and nervousa stressful day/job3supposevsəˈpəʊzto think that something is likely to be trueI couldn't get any reply when I called Dan, so I suppose (that) he's gone out.3tapntæpa gentle knock or touch, or the noise made by knocking something gentlyI gave her a tap on the shoulder and she turned round.3taskntɑːska piece of work to be done, especially one done regularly, unwillingly or with difficultyWe usually ask interviewees to perform a few simple tasks on the computer just to test their aptitude.3time-travellingadjˈtaɪmˌtrævlɪŋtravelling into the past or the futureH.G. Wells wrote about a time-travelling scientist.3trickvtrɪkto deceive someone, often as a part of a planDean tricked the old lady into giving him eight hundred pounds, claiming that he would invest it for her.3universenˈjuːnɪvɜːseverything that exists, especially all physical matter, including all the stars, planets, galaxies, etc. in spaceIs there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe?3vasenvɑːza container for holding flowers or for decorationa vase of flowers3warnvwɔːnto make someone realise a possible danger or problem, especially one in the futureWe were warned not to eat the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.3warningnˈwɔː.nɪŋsomething that makes you understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially one in the futureCompletely without warning he turned up on my doorstep with all four children!4accessorizevəkˈsesəraɪzto add an accessory or accessories to somethingShe was wearing a little black dress, accessorized simply with a silver necklace.4accessorynəkˈsesərisomething added to a machine or to clothing, which has a useful or decorative purposeShe wore a green wool suit with matching accessories (= shoes, hat, bag, etc.).4accompanyvəˈkʌmpənito go with someone or to be provided or exist at the same time as somethingThe course books are accompanied by four CDs.4adoptvəˈdɒptto choose or take as your ownDr Kennedy has been adopted as the party's candidate for South Cambridge.4altogetheradvˌɔːltəˈɡeðəʳcompletely or in totalThat'll be £52.50 altogether, please.4amusement arcadenəˈmjuːzmənt ɑːˈkeɪda place in which you can pay to play games on machinesThe village teenagers spend all their time at the amusement arcade.4anywhereadvˈenihweəʳin, to or at any place or (especially in questions or negatives) some placeI can't find my keys anywhere.4appealvəˈpiːlto interest or attract someoneI've haven't been skiing - it's never really appealed.4approachvəˈprəʊtʃto come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time, quality or amountWe could just see the train approaching in the distance.4arguevˈɑːɡjuːto give the reasons for your opinion, idea, belief, etc.The minister argued for/in favour of/against making cuts in military spending.4availableadjəˈveɪləbəlable to be bought, used, or reachedIs this dress available in a larger size?4awareadjəˈweəʳknowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thingI wasn't even aware that he was ill.4banvbænto forbid (refuse to allow), especially officiallyThe film was banned (the government prevented it from being shown) in several countries.4be (all) the ragephrasebɪ ɔːl ðə reɪdʒto be very popular at a particular timeLong hair for men was all the rage in the seventies.4be worthadjbɪ wɜːθhaving a particular value, especially in moneyOur house is worth £200,000.4bewarevbɪˈweəʳused to warn someone to be very careful about something or someoneBeware salespeople who promise offers that seem too good to be true.4beyondadvbiˈɒndfurther away in the distance (than something)In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town.4biasedadjˈbaɪəstshowing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinionsThe newspapers gave a very biased report of the meeting.4binocular visionnbaɪˈnɒkjələʳ ˈvɪʒənthe ability to see, using both eyesBinocular vision gives a wider field of vision.4bounce backphrasal vbaʊnts bækto start to be successful again after a difficult period, for example after experiencing failure, loss of confidence, illness or unhappiness Stock prices bounced back after a steep plunge earlier this week. 4brightly-colouredadjˈbraɪtli ˈkʌlədhaving many strong coloursShe wore a brightly-coloured skirt.4chainntʃeɪn(a length of) rings usually made of metal which are connected together and used for fastening, pulling, supporting, or limiting freedom, or as jewelleryThe gates were locked with a padlock and a heavy steel chain.4commandernkəˈmɑːndəʳan officer who is in charge of a military operation, or an officer of a particular rank in the British Royal NavyHe was made commander last year.4commercialadjkəˈmɜːʃəlrelated to buying and selling thingsa commercial organisation/venture/success4consolenkənˈsəʊla surface on which you find the controls for a piece of electrical equipment or a machinea computer console4crazenkreɪzan activity, object or idea that is extremely popular, usually for a short timeCycling shorts were the latest craze/(all) the craze that year.4creativitynˌkriːeɪˈtɪvətithe ability to produce original and unusual ideasToo many rules might deaden creativity.4customprefixˈkʌstəmused before another word to mean 'specially designed for a particular person or purpose'He had his car custom-designed.4darevdeəʳto be brave enough to do something difficult or dangerous, or to be rude or silly enough to do something that you have no right to doI was going to ask if his dog was any better, but I didn't dare in case it had died.4deeplyadvˈdiːpliextremely or stronglyI'm deeply grateful to you.4depthndepθthe distance down either from the top of something to the bottom, or to a distance below the top surface of somethingthe depth of a lake/pond4dismissvdɪˈsmɪsto decide that something or someone is not important and not worth consideringI think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me.4dotndɒta very small round markThe full stop at the end of this sentence is a dot.4dozens nˈdʌzənza large but not exact numberThere were dozens of people waiting outside the supermarket.4eagerlyadvˈiːɡəliwanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyablean eagerly awaited announcement4editornˈedɪtəʳa person who is in charge of a newspaper or magazineWho is the current editor of the Times?4electronicadjˌelekˈtrɒnɪk(especially of equipment), using, based on or used in a system of operation which involves the control of electric current by various devicesan electronic keyboard/game4Europeanadjˌjʊərəˈpiːənof or from Europea European city4excitedlyadvɪkˈsaɪtɪdliin a very happy and enthusiastic wayShe ran excitedly down the hall to greet her cousins.4exhibitionnˌeksɪˈbɪʃənwhen someone shows a particular skill or quality to the publicThe photographs will be on exhibition until the end of the month.4explosionnɪkˈspləʊʒənwhen something such as a bomb explodesThe fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion.4fadnfæda style, activity or interest which is very popular for a short period of timethe latest health fad4fashionableadjˈfæʃənəbəlpopular at a particular timea fashionable nightclub/restaurant4Filipinonˌfɪlɪˈpiːnəʊof or from the PhilippinesThere are about 94 million Filipinos in the Philipines.4fingernˈfɪŋɡəʳany of the long thin separate parts of the hand, especially those which are not thumbsHe noticed her long delicate fingers.4flash mobnflæʃ mɒba group of people who agree to come together suddenly in a place and do something funny or silly and then move awayFlash mobs started as a social experiment.4flash mobbingnflæʃ ˈmɒbɪŋwhen people come together as a flash mobShops do not take kindlt to flash mobbing.4focusvˈfəʊkəsIf you focus your eyes, or if your eyes focus, you try to look directly at an object so that you can see it more clearlyWhen they first took the bandages off, she couldn't focus properly.4frustrationnfrʌsˈtreɪʃənwhen you feel annoyed or less confident because you cannot achieve what you want; something that makes you feel like thisI could sense his frustration at not being able to help.4gratefuladjˈɡreɪtfəlshowing or expressing thanks, especially to another personI'm so grateful (to you) for all that you've done.4habitnˈhæbɪtsomething which you do often and regularly, sometimes without knowing that you are doing itI always buy the same brand of toothpaste just out of because of habit.4heelnhiːlthe raised part at the back of a shoeI always wear heels when I go out in the evening. 4heydaynˈheɪdeɪthe most successful or popular period of someone or somethingIn their heyday, they sold as many records as all the other groups in the country put together.4home-cookedadjhəʊm kʊkt(of food) prepared at homeHome-cooked food usually contains less additives and preservatives than pre-packaged food. 4horizontallyadvˌhɒrɪˈzɒntəliin a way that is parallel to the ground or to the bottom or top edge of somethingHe held the sword horizontally.4huntingnhʌntɪŋchasing and killing an animal or bird for food, sport or profitdeer hunting4illusionnɪˈluːʒənsomething that is not really what it seems to beA large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space.4impromptuadjɪmˈprɒmptjuːdone or said without earlier planning or preparationan impromptu party/performance4inadjɪn(informal) fashionable or popularHigh heels are in this season.4in a rowphraseɪn ə raʊone after another without a breakShe's been voted Best Actress three years in a row.4in privatephraseɪn ˈpraɪvɪtIf you talk to someone or do something in private, you do it without other people being presentThis is rather personal - could we talk in private please?4indeedadvɪnˈdiːdused to add some extra information which develops or supports something you have just saidFor such creatures, speed is not important - indeed it is counterproductive.4intentionallyadvɪnˈtentʃənəliin a way that is planned or intendedI didn't ignore her intentionally - I just didn't recognise her.4intolerantadjɪnˈtɒlərəntdisapproving of or refusing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from your ownShe can be very intolerant of students who don't understand what she's talking about.4iPod ™nˈaɪpɒda type of small MP3 playerCan I borrow your iPod please?4italicsplural nɪˈtælɪksa style of writing or printing in which the letters lean to the rightThis sentence is printed in italics.4itemnˈaɪtəmsomething which is part of a list or group of thingsthe last item on the list4landvlændto (cause to) arrive at a place after moving down through the airThe aeroplane landed safely on the runway.4lolphraselɒllaughing out loud: used when you think something is very funnyShe's going to be so surprised lol.4low-riseadjˈləʊˌraɪz(of trousers, underwear, etc.) worn low on the hipslow-rise jeans4marketvˈmɑːkɪtto make goods available to buyers in a planned way which encourages people to buy more of them, for example by advertisingTheir products are very cleverly marketed.4maximumadjˈmæksɪməmbeing the largest amount or number allowed or possiblemaximum speed/effort/temperature4mazenmeɪza complicated system of paths or passages which people try to find their way through for entertainmentWe got lost in the maze and it took us half an hour to get out!4merry-go-roundnˈmeriɡəʊˌraʊnda large machine at a fair which turns round and has wooden or plastic animals or vehicles on which children rideThe girls wanted the merry-go-round to go faster.4mini-prefixˈmɪnismaller or less important than a normal example of the same thingThere's a little mini-market round the corner where I do some of my shopping.4missingadjmɪsɪŋdescribes something that cannot be found because it is not where it should beThe burglars have been arrested but the jewellery is still missing.4mouse matnmaʊs mætthe special flat piece of material on which you move the mouse for your computerHe moved the mouse over the mouse mat.4narrow-mindedadjˌnærəʊˈmaɪndɪdnot willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from your ownnarrow-minded opinions/views4objectnəbˈdʒekta thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or persona solid/material/physical object4officialnəˈfɪʃəla person who has a position of responsibility in an organisationa government/trade-union/council official4on salephraseɒn seɪlavailable to buy in a shopOn sale at record stores now.4over-reactvˌəʊvəriˈæktto react in an extreme, especially an angry or frightened, wayYou must learn not to overreact to criticism.4performernpəˈfɔːməʳa person who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing or playing musicHe's a brilliant performer.4permanentadjˈpɜːmənəntlasting for a long time or foreverShe is looking for a permanent place to stay.4pillow fightnˈpɪləʊ faɪta game played by hitting other people with a pillow (= a rectangular cloth bag filled with soft material, such as feathers or artificial materials, used for resting your head on in bed)Let's have a pillow fight!4playfulnessnˈpleɪfəlnɪswhen you are being funny and not seriousHi playfulness was totally inappropriate to the situation.4potentialnpəʊˈtentʃəlsomeone's or something's ability to develop, achieve or succeedThe region has enormous potential for economic development.4potentiallyadvpəʊˈtentʃəlipossiblyHepatitis is a potentially fatal disease.4professionnprəˈfeʃənany type of work which needs special training or a particular skill, often one which is respected because it involves a high level of educationHe left the teaching profession in 1965 to set up his own business.4provocativeadjprəˈvɒkətɪvcausing thought about interesting subjectsThe programme will take a detailed and provocative look at the problem of homelessness.4psychedelicadjˌsaɪkɪˈdelɪkPsychedelic art or clothing has bright colours and strange patterns of a type which might be experienced by taking psychedelic drugs.The girl was wwearing a psychedelic skirt.4re-prefixˌriːused to add the meaning 'do again', especially to verbsrebuild4reactvriˈæktto act in a particular way as a direct result of something elseHow did they react when you said you were leaving?4scoop sb/sth upphrasal vskuːp ʌpto lift something or someone with your hands or arms in a quick movementShe scooped the children up and ran with them to safety.4screamvskriːmto cry or say something loudly and usually on a high note, especially because of strong emotions such as fear, excitement or angerA spider landed on her pillow and she screamed.4shadesnʃeɪdzsunglasses (=dark glasses which you wear to protect your eyes from bright light from the sun)Don’t forget your shades - it's very sunny today.4shoutvʃaʊtto speak with a very loud voice, often as loud as possible, usually when you want to make yourself heard in noisy situations, or when the person you are talking to is a long way away or cannot hear very wellThere's no need to shout, I can hear perfectly well.4silentadjˈsaɪləntwithout any soundThe empty house was completely silent.4sirnsɜːʳused as a formal and polite way of speaking to a man, especially one who you are providing a service to or who is in a position of authorityWould you like to see the menu, sir?4slightlyadvˈslaɪtlia littleShe's slightly taller than her sister.4snapvsnæpto take a lot of photographs quicklyHe was arrested for snapping photos of a military parade.4sofanˈsəʊfəa long soft seat with a back and usually arms, on which more than one person can sit at the same timeCome and sit next to me in the sofa.4songwriternˈsɒŋˌraɪtəʳa person who writes the music and words of songsElton John is a great songwriter.4sophisticatedadjsəˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪdclever in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasksI think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem.4soreadjsɔːʳpainful and uncomfortable because of injury, infection or too much useAll the dust has made my eyes sore.4starevsteəʳto look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised, frightened or thinkingDon't stare at people like that, it's rude.4steervstɪəʳto take someone or something, or cause them to go, in the direction in which you want them to goShe steered her guests into the dining room.4storenstɔːʳany type of shopa clothing/liquor store4surelyadvˈʃɔːliused to express that you are certain or almost certain about somethingThe fault surely lies in the design of the equipment.4tagntæɡa very small electronic object that is attached to a product in order to give its position, or to stop people from stealing itTrack your deliveries inventories with smart tags.4tear your hair outphraseteəʳ jɔːʳ heəʳ aʊtIf you tear your hair out over a problem, you are worrying a lot about itWhen her children didn't come home from school she was tearing her hair out.4tendencynˈtendəntsiIf someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like itHis tendency to exaggerate is well known.4textvtekstto send someone a text messageI texted her to arrange a time to meet.4the Philippinesnðə ˈfɪlɪpiːnza country in Southeast AsiaHe's from the Philippines.4tientaɪa long thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and tied in a knot at the frontHe always wears a jacket and tie to work.4to what extent?phrasetu hwɒt ɪkˈstenthow much?To what extent does he want this job?4tonentəʊnthe general mood or main qualities of somethingI didn't like the jokey tone of the article - I thought it inappropriate.4treatmentnˈtriːtməntthe use of drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of an illness or injuryfree dental treatment4TV setnˌtiːˈviː seta televisionWe bought a new TV set last month.4variousadjˈveəriəsmany differentWe had various problems on our journey, including a puncture.4video gamenˈvɪdiəʊ ɡeɪma game in which the player controls moving pictures on a screen by pressing buttonsTeenagers spend a lot of their time playing video games.4wannav infmlˈwɒnə(not standard) 'want to' or 'want a'D'you wanna go now?4weaponnˈwepənany object used in fighting or war, such as a gun, bomb, sword, etc.a lethal weapon4wedgenwedʒa triangular-shaped piece, especially of foodAuntie Ann put a huge wedge of fruit cake on my plate.4with regard tophrasewɪð rɪˈɡɑːd tuin connection withI am writing to you in regard to your letter dated 15th March.4witnessvˈwɪtnəsto see something happen, especially an accident or crimeDid anyone witness the attack?4worryingadjˈwʌriɪŋmaking you feel unhappy and afraidIt's a very worrying situation.5accessnˈæksesthe method or possibility of getting near to a place or person, or the right to use or look at somethingThe only access to the village is by boat.5achievevəˈtʃiːvto succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effortThe government's training policy, he claimed, was achieving its objectives.5achievementnəˈtʃiːvməntsomething very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doingAn Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young.5aidveɪdto helpHuge projects designed to aid poorer countries can sometimes do more harm than good.5aimveɪmto intendI aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.5amountnəˈmaʊnta collection or mass especially of something which cannot be countedThey didn't deliver the right amount of sand.5applaudvəˈplɔːdto say that you admire and agree with a person's action or decisionWe applaud the family's decision to remain silent over the issue.5at ease with phraseət iːz wɪðrelaxed and not worried aboutI always feel very at ease when I'm with you.5attitudenˈætɪtʃuːda feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by thisIt's often very difficult to change people's attitudes.5auctionnˈɔːkʃəna usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay mosta furniture auction5bannernˈbænəʳa long piece of cloth, often stretched between two poles, with a sign written on it, usually carried by people taking part in a marchThe demonstrators walked along the street, waving banners and shouting angrily.5be willing adjbɪ ˈwɪlɪŋto be happy to do something if it is neededI'm willing to help out if you need me.5believe it or not phrasebɪˈliːv ˌɪt ɔːʳ nɒtsaid when telling someone about something that is true, although it seems unlikelyHe's upstairs doing his homework, believe it or not.5blowvbləʊto make a sound by forcing air out of your mouth and through an instrument, or to make a sound when someone does thisAnn blew a few notes on the trumpet.5campaignnkæmˈpeɪna planned group of especially political, business or military activities which are intended to achieve a particular aimThe protests were part of their campaign against the proposed building development in the area.5comediannkəˈmiːdiəna person whose job is to make people laugh by telling jokes and funny stories or by copying the behaviour or speech of famous peoplea stand-up comedian5commitvkəˈmɪtto do something illegal or something that is considered wrongHe was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit.5committeenkəˈmɪtia small group of people chosen to represent a larger organisation and either make decisions or collect information for itShe sits on/is on the school's development committee.5conditionnkənˈdɪʃənthe particular state that something or someone is inMum's still got our pram - it's very old, but it's in perfect condition.5conditionaladjkənˈdɪʃənəl(relating to) a sentence, often starting with 'if' or 'unless', in which one half expresses something which depends on the other halfa conditional clause5contractvkənˈtræktto make or become shorter or narrower or generally smallerIn spoken English, 'do not' often contracts to 'don't'.5contractionnkənˈtrækʃənwhen something becomes smaller or shorterCold causes contraction of the metal.5contributevkənˈtrɪbjuːtto give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other peopleAren't you going to contribute towards Jack's leaving present?5copynˈkɒpia single book, newspaper, record or other printed or recorded text of which many have been producedHave you got a copy of last Saturday's 'Guardian', by any chance?5corruptadjkəˈrʌptdishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for moneyBoth companies are under investigation for corrupt practices.5crimenkraɪman illegal actHe has admitted committing several crimes, including two murders.5decentadjˈdiːsəntsocially acceptable or goodEveryone should be entitled to a decent wage/standard of living.5definitiveadjdɪˈfɪnətɪvnot able to be changed or improved; final, complete, or besta definitive judgment/ruling5demandingadjdɪˈmɑːndɪŋneeding a lot of time, attention or energyShe's a very demanding child.5demonstrationnˌdemənˈstreɪʃənwhen a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someoneThe students are holding a demonstration to protest against the increase in their fees.5despiteprepdɪˈspaɪtwithout taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented byI still enjoyed the week despite the weather.5economicadjˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkrelating to trade, industry and moneyThe country has been in a very poor economic state ever since the decline of its two major industries.5electionniˈlekʃəna time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official jobThe Government is expected to call an election (allow the country to vote) very soon.5epicadjˈepɪkdescribes events that happen over a long period and involve a lot of action and difficultyan epic journey/struggle5fairlyadvˈfeəlimore than average, but less than veryShe's fairly tall.5fed upadjˌfedˈʌpbored, annoyed or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too longI'm fed up with waiting for him. Let's go!5fundraisingnˈfʌndˌreɪzɪŋwhen you collect or produce money for a particular purpose, especially for a charityThe summer fete will be the school's main fundraising event this year.5give bloodphraseɡɪv blʌdto allow a trained person to take some blood from your body so that it can be stored and is ready to be given to people who have lost a lot of blood during an accident or operationI gave blood this morning so I'm feeling a little faint.5globenɡləʊbthe worldHis greatest ambition is to sail around the globe.5hand sth outphrasal vˈhænd aʊtto give something to each person in a group or placeThe teacher handed out instructions to all the students.5handwrittenadjˌhændˈrɪtənwritten using your hand rather than printed by a machineThe letter was difficult to read as it had been handwritten.5help (sb) outphrasal vhelp aʊtIf you help out, you do a part of someone's work or give someone moneyMy parents helped me out and lent me the money for the deposit on the house.5humanitarianadjhjuːˌmænɪˈteəriəninvolved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing sufferingThe prisoner has been released for humanitarian reasons.5illustratevˈɪləstreɪtto draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc.The book was illustrated with beautiful colourful pictures.5impressiveadjɪmˈpresɪvIf an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very largeThat was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.5in returnphraseɪn rɪˈtɜːnin exchangeAmerica helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.5incomenˈɪŋkʌmmoney that is earned from doing work or received from investmentsAverage incomes have risen by 4.5% over the past year.5inflatevɪnˈfleɪtto cause to increase in size by filling with airHe inflated the balloons with helium.5institutionaladjˌɪntstɪˈtʃuːʃənəlrelating to an institutionThe hospital provides typically awful institutional food.5joinvdʒɔɪnto get involved in an activity or journey with another person or groupWhy don't you join us and come for a walk down to the beach?5km (kilometre)nkɪˈlɒmɪtəʳa unit of measurement equal to 1000 metresThe school is 2 kilometres from their house.5leafletvˈliːflətto give out leaflets to peopleThey leafleted the area two weeks before the event.5leafletnˈliːfləta piece of paper which gives you information or advertises somethingDemonstrators handed out leaflets to passers-by.5legallyadvˈliːɡəlias stated by the lawChildren under sixteen are not legally allowed to buy cigarettes.5limitedadjˈlɪmɪtɪdsmall in amount or numbera limited choice5literaryadjˈlɪtərəriconnected with literaturea literary critic5madamnˈmædəma formal and polite way of speaking to a womanMay I carry your cases for you, Madam?5manuscriptnˈmænjəskrɪptthe original copy of a book or article before it is printedHe sent the 400-page manuscript to his publisher.5matchnmætʃa sports competition or event in which two people or teams compete against each othera football/cricket/tennis match5offervˈɒfəʳto provide or supply somethingIt's an organisation that offers free legal advice to people on low incomes.5ordealnɔːˈdiːla very unpleasant and painful or difficult experienceThe hostages' ordeal came to an end when soldiers stormed the building.5originallyadvəˈrɪdʒənəlifirst of allOriginally it was a bedroom, but we turned it into a study.5passionnˈpæʃəna very powerful feeling, for example of sexual attraction, love, hate, anger or other emotionFootball arouses a good deal of passion among its supporters.5persuasionnpəˈsweɪʒənmaking people do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe itIt took a lot of persuasion to convince the committee of the advantages of the new scheme.5petitionnpəˈtɪʃəna document signed by a large number of people demanding or requesting some action from the government or another authorityI signed a petition against the proposed closure of the local hospital today.5projectnprəʊˈdʒekta piece of planned work or an activity which is finished over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular aimthe Kings Cross housing project5publicitynpʌbˈlɪsətithe activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activityHe attracted a lot of adverse/bad publicity with his speech about unmarried mothers.5raisevreɪzto cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc.The government plan to raise taxes.5remarkableadjrɪˈmɑːkəbəlunusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioningNelson Mandela is a truly remarkable man.5representativenˌreprɪˈzentətɪvsomeone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of peopleThe firm has two representatives in every European city.5requestnrɪˈkwestwhen you politely or officially ask for somethingThey received hundreds of requests for more information.5researchnrɪˈsɜːtʃa detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understandingscientific/medical research5routenruːta particular way or direction between placesThe route we had planned took us right across Greece.5runvrʌnto be in control ofHe's been running a restaurant/his own company since he left school.5secondlyadvˈsekəndliused when stating the second of two or more reasons or pieces of informationI want two things from my boss - firstly, a pay rise, and secondly, a longer contract.5sendernˈsendəʳa person who sends somethingPostage stamps were introduced in Britain in 1840 as a way of showing that the sender had paid for the letter to be delivered.5signvsaɪnto write your name, usually on a written or printed document, to show that you agree with its contents or have written or created it yourselfto sign a letter / cheque / contract / lease / agreement5sitensaɪta websiteWe found a really good site to help us with our homework.5sponsorshipnˈspɒntsəʃɪpwhen you  support a person, organisation or activity by giving money, encouragement or other helpThe orchestra receives £2 million a year in sponsorship from companies.5stand up for sth/sbphrasestænd ʌp fɔːʳto defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticised or attackedIt's high time we all stood up for our rights around here.5sumnsʌman amount of moneyHuge sums of money are spent on national defence.5suppernˈsʌpəʳa main meal eaten in the evening, or a small meal eaten in the late eveningWe usually have tea at about 5.30 p.m., then supper before we go to bed.5supportvsəˈpɔːtto help someone emotionally or in a practical wayAlcoholics Anonymous is a group which supports people who are trying to stop drinking too much alcohol.5swellvswelto become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amountIt was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up).5Tanzanianˌtænzəˈniːəa country in East AfricaTanzania is on the Indian Ocean.5thankvθæŋkto express to someone that you are pleased about or are grateful for something that they have doneHe thanked me for taking him home.5the developing worldnðə dɪˈveləpɪŋ wɜːldthe  countries or areas of the world which are poorer and have less advanced industries, especially in Africa, Latin America or AsiaIt's the duty of richer countries to help the develoopping world.5torrentialadjtəˈrentʃəlused to refer to very heavy raintorrential rain5tweet ™ vtwiːtto send a short online messageA lot of peopple tweet nowadays.5Twitter ™n ˈtwɪtəʳan online social networking serviceI've never really understood what Twitter is all about.5ultimatelyadvˈʌltɪmətlifinally, after a series of things have happenedEverything will ultimately depend on what is said at the meeting with the directors next week.5unlikelyadjʌnˈlaɪklinot likelyIt's pretty unlikely (that) they'll turn up now - it's nearly ten o'clock.5usernjuːzəʳsomeone who uses a product, machine or serviceUnemployed people are the main users of this advice centre.5voluntaryadjˈvɒləntəridescribes an organisation that is controlled and supported by people who give their time and money to it without being paid, and that exists to help other peopleThe hospital has asked various voluntary organisations to help raise money for the new operating theatre.5votevvəʊtto express your choice or opinion, especially by officially writing a mark on a paper or by raising your hand or speaking in a meetingShe was too young to vote in the national election.5votenvəʊtwhen someone shows their choice or opinion in an election or meeting by writing a cross on an official piece of paper or putting their hand upThe suggestion was approved, with 25 votes in favour, and 7 against.5yours faithfullyphrasejɔːz ˈfeɪθfəli(UK) used at the end of a formal letter beginning with 'Dear Sir' or 'Dear Madam'I look forward to hearing from you.       yours faithfully                             Janet Collins5zeroadjˈzɪərəʊnot any or nozero growth/inflation6accountnəˈkaʊntan arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to take it out when you need toI've opened an account with a building society.6advantagenədˈvɑːntɪdʒa condition giving a greater chance of successThe advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats.6apeneɪpan animal like a large monkey which has no tail and uses its arms to swing through treesChimpanzees and gorillas are both apes.6appreciatevəˈpriːʃieɪtto recognise or understand that something is valuable, important or as describedThere's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them.6atmospherenˈætməsfɪəʳthe mixture of gases around the EarthThese factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere.6beliefnbɪˈliːfthe feeling of being certain that something exists or is trueAll non-violent religious and political beliefs should be respected equally.6blimeyexclˈblaɪmian expression of surpriseBlimey, what a lot of food!6brainstormvˈbreɪnstɔːm(of a group of people) to suggest a lot of ideas for a future activity very quickly before considering some of them more carefullyThe team got together to brainstorm (the project).6Bring it on!exclbrɪŋ ˌɪt ɒn(informal) said to show that you are prepared and willing to compete in a competition or to do something difficultEngland versus Brazil - Bring it on!6carbon footprintnˌkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪntSomeone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.I decided to reduce my carbon footprint by cycling to work.6centraladjˈsentrəlin, at, from or near the centre or most important part of somethingcentral Europe/London6chargevtʃɑːdʒto ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activityHow much/What do you charge for a haircut and blow-dry?6Colombiankəˈlɒmbiəa country in South AmericaBogota is the capital of Columbia.6compensatevˈkɒmpənseɪtto provide something good or useful in place of something or to make someone feel better about something that has failed or been lost or missedNothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood.6criticise/criticizevˈkrɪtɪsaɪz to express disapproval of someone or somethingWe'll get nowhere if all you can do is criticise.6curenkjʊəʳa solution to a problemThe best cure for boredom is hard work!6deadlyadjˈdedlilikely to cause deatha deadly virus6destructionndɪˈstrʌkʃənwhen something is destroyedMany people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.6disadvantagenˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒa condition or situation which causes problems, especially one which causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or peopleOne disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for the children to play.6dispose of sb/sth
dɪˈspəʊz ɒvto get rid of someone or something or deal with something so that the matter is finishedHow did they dispose of the body?6disrespectfuladjˌdɪsrɪˈspektfəlshowing a lack of respectThe boy was punished for disrespectful behaviour6draftndrɑːfta piece of text, a formal suggestion or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed formThis is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well.6dungndʌŋsolid waste from animals, especially cattle and horses; manureThe problem of working on a farm is that you always smell of dung.6emitviˈmɪtto send out a beam, noise, smell or gasThe alarm emits infra-red rays which are used to detect any intruder.6entireadjɪnˈtaɪəʳwhole or complete, with nothing missingBetween them they ate an entire cake.6environmentnɪnˈvaɪərənməntthe conditions that you live or work in and the way that they influence how you feel or how effectively you can workThe office is quite bright and airy - it's a pleasant working environment.6environmentally-friendlyadjɪnˌvaɪərənˌmentəliˈ frendlinot harmful to the environmentenvironmentally-friendly washing powder6exploitvɪkˈsplɔɪtto use something for advantageWe need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.6extinctadjɪkˈstɪŋktnot now existingThere is concern that the giant panda will soon become extinct.6flightnflaɪta journey in an aircraftI'll never forget my first flight.6foodnfuːdsomething that people and animals eat, or plants absorb, to keep them alivebaby food6forest firenˈfɒrɪst ˈfaɪəʳa large fire affecting an area of land covered with trees and plantsThe forest fire killed many wild animals.6foul upvˈfaʊl ʌpto spoil something by making a mistake or doing something stupidI don't want David organizing the party after the way he fouled things up last year.6foundvfaʊndto bring something into existenceYork was founded by the Romans in the year 71 AD.6fuelnˈfjuːəla substance which is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burnedWood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of fuel.6generatevˈdʒenəreɪtto cause something to existHer latest film has generated a lot of interest/excitement.6get rid of sthphraseɡet rɪd ɒvto remove or throw away something unwantedCould you please get rid of that horrible shirt.6globaladjˈɡləʊbəlrelating to the whole worlda global catastrophe/problem6gloomyadjˈɡluːmiunhappy and without hopea gloomy person/expression6greenhouse gasnˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæsa gas which causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxideGreenhouse gasesare causing the warming up of the Earth's atmosphere.6guerrillanɡəˈrɪləa member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forcesA small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains.6headnhedthe part of the body above the neck that contains the eyes, nose, mouth and ears and the brainPut this hat on to keep your head warm.6headlinenˈhedlaɪna line of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main points of the news that are broadcast on television or radioThe news of his death was splashed in headlines across all the newspapers.6heatvhiːtto make something hot or warm, or to become hot or warmA large house like this must be expensive to heat.6holidaymakernˈhɒlədiˌmeɪkəʳa person who is on holiday away from where they usually liveThe beaches were full of holiday makers.6huhexclhəused to express disapprovalHuh, I don't think much of that idea!6humankindnˌhjuːmənˈkaɪndthe whole of the human race, including both men and womenHumankind must start doing something to stop global warming.6ice capnaɪs kæpa thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of landThe polar ice caps contain a large percentage of the Earth's water. 6if you ask mephraseɪf juː ɑːsk miːsaid when giving your opinion on somethingIf you ask me he should resign.6importvɪmˈpɔːtto buy or bring in products from another countryWe import a large number of cars from Japan.6in progressvɪn prəʊˈɡreshappening or being done nowYou can't go in there. There's a meeting in progress.6industrynˈɪndəstrithe companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special areatrade and industry6inknɪŋkcoloured liquid used for writing, printing and drawinga bottle of ink6intoprepˈɪntəenthusiastic about or interested inAre you into music?6jailndʒeɪla place where criminals are kept to punish them for their crimes, or where people accused of crimes are kept while waiting for their trialsthe country's overcrowded jails6justifiableadjˈdʒʌstɪfaɪəbəlIf something is justifiable, there is a good reason for it.Her actions were quite justifiable in the circumstances.6lecturevˈlektʃəʳto give a formal talk to a group of people, often at a universityFor ten years she lectured in law.6let's face it phraselets feɪs ˌɪtsaid before stating something that is unpleasant but trueLet's face it - you're never going to pass.6levelnˈlevəlsomeone's ability compared to other peoplea course for advanced level students6lifestylenˈlaɪfstaɪlsomeone's way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually doHe doesn't have a very healthy lifestyle.6mankindnmænˈkaɪndthe whole of the human race, including both men and womenMankind has always been obsessed by power.6massadjmæshaving an effect on or involving a large number of people or forming a large amountweapons of mass destruction6mayornmeəʳa person who is elected or chosen to be the leader of the group who governs a town or cityThe hospital was opened by the mayor.6modelnˈmɒdəlsomething which a copy can be based on because it is an extremely good example of its typeThe educational system was a model for those of many other countries.6motorbikenˈməʊtəbaɪka motorcycleShe jumped on her motorbike and raced off down the road.6natural resourcesplural nˈnætʃərəl rɪˈzɔːsɪzthings such as minerals, forests, coal, etc. which exist in a place and can be used by peopleSome natural resources, such as natural gas and fossil fuel, cannot be replaced.6neitherconjunctionˈnaɪðəʳnot either of two things or peopleWe've got two TVs, but neither works properly.6norconjnɔːʳused before the second or last of a set of negative possibilities, usually after 'neither'We can neither change nor improve it.6nuclear wastenˈnjuːkliəʳ weɪstunwanted, dangerously radioactive material that is made when producing nuclear powerto dump/dispose of nuclear waste6oh yeah?excləʊ jeə(informal) used when you do not believe what someone has said
6on airphraseɒn eəʳ(of a radio or TV programme) broadcasting at that timeThe programme was already on air when the presenter fainted.6out of your mindidiomaʊt ɒv jɔːʳ maɪndextremely stupid or mentally illYou must be out of your mind paying £200 for one night in a hotel!6overcrowdingnˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋcontaining too many people or thingsInvestment in the railway network would reduce overcrowding on the roads.6Pakistannˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːna country in South AsiaThe capital of Pakistan is Islamabad.6pandanˈpændəa large black and white mammal similar to a bear, that lives in forests in ChinaWe saw two pandas at the zoo.6peacefullyadvˈpiːsfəlicalmly and quietlyHe was back in her arms and she could once again sleep peacefully.6perfectlyadvˈpɜːfɪktliused to emphasise the word that followsTo be perfectly honest, I don't care any more.6pesonˈpeɪsəʊthe standard unit of money used in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, the Philippines and UruguayBefore we leave for South America we need to buy some pesos.6phrasenfreɪza group of words which is part rather than the whole of a sentenceWe are governed, in Lord Hailsham's famous phrase, by an 'elective dictatorship.'6point (sth/sb) outphrasal vpɔɪnt aʊtto make a person notice someone or something, usually by telling them where they are or by holding up one of your fingers towards themIf you see her, please point her out to me.6policynˈpɒləsia set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organisation, a government or a political partyThey believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security policy.6promptnprɒmptwords which are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play
6punishvˈpʌnɪʃto cause someone who has done something wrong or committed a crime to suffer, by hurting them, forcing them to pay money, sending them to prison, etc.Those responsible for these crimes must be brought to court and punished.6racismnˈreɪsɪzəmthe belief that people's qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other racesThe authorities are taking steps to combat/fight/tackle racism in schools.6refrigeratornrɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtəʳfridgeThe milk is in the refridgerator.6representvˌreprɪˈzentto speak, act or be present officially for another person or peopleThey chose a famous barrister to represent them in court.6resourcenrɪˈzɔːs a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organisation or personThe country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.6roughlyadvrʌfliapproximatelyThere has been an increase of roughly 2.25 million.6running latephraseˈrʌnɪŋ leɪtdoing things later than you expected to do themSorry but I'm running late - could you pick the children up from school?6sanitationnˌsænɪˈteɪʃənthe systems for taking dirty water and other waste products away from buildings in order to protect people's healthMany illnesses in these temporary refugee camps are the result of inadequate sanitation.6savannansəˈvænəa large flat area of land covered with grass, usually with few trees, which is found in hot countries, especially in AfricaThe lion ran across the savanna chasing the gazelle.6schoolingnˈskuːlɪŋeducation at schoolJack didn't receive much formal schooling.6secondary schoolnˈsekəndəri skuːla high school (relating to the education of children approximately between the ages of 11 and 18 years old)secondary education6solar panelnˈsəʊləʳ ˈpænəla device that changes energy from the sun into electricitya control/instrument panel6specifyvˈspesɪfaɪto state or describe something clearly and exactlyHe said we should meet but didn't specify a time.6squashnskwɒʃa game played between two or four people on a special closed playing area which involves hitting a small rubber ball against a wallSquash is a physically demanding sport.6starvationnstɑːˈveɪʃənthe state of having no food for a long period, often causing deathTwenty million people face starvation unless a vast emergency aid programme is launched.6strugglevˈstrʌɡəlto experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do somethingThe dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose.6swimmernˈswɪməʳa person who swimsOliver is a very strong swimmer.6termntɜːma word or expression used in relation to a particular subject, often to describe something official or technical'Without let or hindrance' is a legal term which means 'freely'.6the global village
ðə ˈɡləʊbəl ˈvɪlɪdʒall the countries of the world when thought of as being closely connected by modern communication and tradeWith internet we've all become one global village.6tradentreɪdthe activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countriesThe country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years.6triathlonntraɪˈæθlɒna competition in which the people competing must swim, ride a bicycle and run particular distances without stopping between eventsThey took part in a traithlon to raise money for charity.6underseaadjˌʌndəˈsiːbelow the surface of the seaundersea exploration6up for itphraseʌp fɔːʳ ˌɪt willing to do somethingThey've asked us to help out at the fair and I'm up for it. 6wealthnwelθa large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone hasDuring a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth.6whateverexclhwɒtˈevəʳ(informal) something that is said to show no respect to someone who is asking you to agree with them or agree to do something Well, do you agree or not?' 'Yeah, whatever.'6windmillnˈwɪndmɪla building or structure with large blades on the outside which, when turned by the force of the wind, provide the power for getting water out of the ground or crushing grainWindmills are a characteristic of Holland.7abolishvəˈbɒlɪʃto end an activity or custom officiallyI think bullfighting should be abolished.7accidentallyadvˌæksɪˈdentəliby chance or by mistakeI accidentally knocked a glass over.7accusationnˌækjʊˈzeɪʃəna statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind, or the fact of accusing someoneYou can't just make wild accusations like that!7accusevəˈkjuːzto say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkindIt wasn't my fault. 'Don't worry, I'm not accusing you.'7admirationnˌædməˈreɪʃənwhen you admire someone or somethingMy admiration for that woman grows daily.7adversitynədˈvɜːsətia difficult or unlucky situation or eventShe was always cheerful in adversity.7alarm clocknəˈlɑːm klɒka clock that you can set to wake you up at a particular time with a loud noiseMy alarm clock went off at 7.30.7amongprepəˈmʌŋin the middle of or surrounded by other thingsI saw a few familiar faces among the crowd.7ashamedadjəˈʃeɪmdfeeling guilty or embarrassed about something you have done or a quality in your characterYou've got nothing to be ashamed of.7assassinatevəˈsæsɪneɪtto kill someone famous or importanta plot to assassinate the Queen7astonishmentnəˈstɒnɪʃməntvery great surpriseTo the astonishment of her colleagues, she resigned.7avoidvəˈvɔɪdto stay away from someone or something, or prevent something from happening or not allow yourself to do somethingI try to avoid supermarkets on Saturdays - they're always so busy.7awardvəˈwɔːdto give money or a prize following an official decisionCarlos was awarded first prize in the essay competition.7be unable to phrasebɪ ʌnˈeɪbəl təto not be able to do somethingWe were unable to contact him at the time.7behavevbɪˈheɪvto act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has society's approvalShe always behaves well/badly when her aunts come to visit.7biographicaladjˌbaɪəʊˈɡræfɪkəlabout someone's lifeThere was a biographical note about the author on the back of the book.7blastvblɑːstto explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a similar, very strong forceA tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains.7bombnbɒma weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildingsA 100-pound bomb exploded/went off today, injuring three people.7Burmanˈbɜːməa country in southeast AsiaBurma was once a British colony.7calculationnˌkælkjəˈleɪʃənthe process of using information you already have and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers to judge the number or amount of somethingThe calculations that you did/made contained a few inaccuracies.7caretakernˈkeəˌteɪkəʳa person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who deals with the cleaning, repairs, etc.This tap is broken - we need to call the caretaker.7composurenkəmˈpəʊʒəʳcalmness and controlI didn't want to lose my composure in front of her.7compromisenˈkɒmprəmaɪzan agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agreeIt is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks.7confessvkənˈfesto admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad aboutShe confessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding ring.7confessionnkənˈfeʃənwhen you admit that you have done something wrong or illegalI've got a bit of a confession to make - I've lost that book you lent me.7conflictnkənˈflɪktfighting between two or more groups of people or countriesWe wish to avoid conflict between our countries if at all possible.7confrontvkənˈfrʌntto face, meet or deal with a difficult situation or personAs she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way.7contemptuouslyadvkənˈtemptʃuəslishowing strong feelings of dislike and disrespect The waiter smiled contemptuously at anyone who didn't know which wine to order.7courageouslyadvkəˈreɪdʒəslihaving the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situationShe acted very courageously when she fought off the mugger.7deadlocknˈdedlɒka situation in which agreement in an argument cannot be reached because neither side will change its demands or accept any of the demands of the other side; stalemateSomebody will have to compromise if we are to break end the deadlock between the two warring factions.7defendvdɪˈfendto protect someone or something against attack or criticismHow can we defend our homeland if we don't have an army?7demandndɪˈmɑːnda strong requestYou can't give in to children's demands all the time.7democracyndɪˈmɒkrəsithe belief in freedom and equality between people, or a system of government based on this belief, in which power is either held by elected representatives or directly by the people themselvesThe government has promised to uphold the principles of democracy.7deprivevdɪˈpraɪvto take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someoneHe claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.7deservevdɪˈzɜːvto have earned or to be given something because of the way you have behaved or the qualities you haveAfter all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.7dictatorshipndɪkˈteɪtəʃɪpthe state of being, or being ruled by, a dictatorThe dictatorship of General Franco lasted for nearly 40 years.7disbeliefnˌdɪsbɪˈliːfthe refusal to believe that something is trueHis response was one of complete disbelief.7discussvdɪˈskʌsto talk or write about a subject in detail, especially considering different ideas and opinions related to itThe later chapters discuss the effects on the environment.7dynamitenˈdaɪnəmaɪta type of explosivea stick of dynamite7eageradjˈiːɡəʳwanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyablethe children's eager faces7effectiveadjɪˈfektɪvsuccessful or achieving the results that you wantIt's an extremely effective cure for a headache.7embarrassmentnɪmˈbærəsməntwhen you feel embarrassed, or something that makes you feel embarrassedShe blushed with embarrassment.7estimationnˌestɪˈmeɪʃənyour opinion of someone or somethingIn my estimation a lot of other banks are going to have the same problem.7explosivenɪkˈspləʊsɪva substance or piece of equipment that can cause explosionsExplosives were found behind the central station.7expressvɪkˈspresto show a feeling, opinion or factHer eyes expressed deep sadness.7flattervflætəʳto praise someone in order to make them feel attractive or important, sometimes in a way that is not sincereI knew he was only flattering me because he wanted to borrow some money.7forgivevfəˈɡɪvto stop blaming or being angry with someone for something they have done, or not punish them for somethingI don't think she's ever quite forgiven me for getting her name wrong that time.7formerlyadvˈfɔːməliin the pastThe European Union was formerly called the European Community.7fortunenˈfɔːtʃuːna large amount of money, goods, property, etc.She inherited a fortune from her grandmother.7fullyadvfəlicompletelyHave you fully recovered from your illness?7gentlemannˈdʒentəlməna man who is polite and behaves well towards other people, especially womenHe was a perfect gentleman.7gentlemanlyadjˈdʒentəlmənlitypical of a polite gentlemana gentlemanly manner7handkerchiefnˈhæŋkətʃiːfa square piece of cloth used for cleaning the nose or drying the eyes when they are wet with tearsShe took out her handkerchief and blew her nose loudly.7hastilyadvˈheɪstɪlidone in a hurry, sometimes without the necessary care or thoughtHe's looks good for his age. Not that 55 is old, she hastily added.7hatevheɪtto dislike someone or something very muchKelly hates her teacher.7have sth in commonphrasehæv ɪn ˈkɒmənto share interests, experiences or other characteristics with someone or somethingWe don't really have much in common.7heightenvˈhaɪtənto increase or make something increase, especially an emotion or effectThe strong police presence only heightened the tension among the crowd.7horrifiedadjˈhɒrɪfaɪdvery shockedHe looked horrified when I told him.7house arrestnhaʊz əˈrestlegally forced to stay in your house as if it were a prisonThe oppostion leader was put under house arrest.7immediateadjɪˈmiːdiəthappening or done without delay or very soon after something elseWe must make an immediate response.7inclinationnˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃəna preference or tendency, or a feeling that makes a person want to do somethingMy own inclination would be to look for another job.7inferioritynɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrətithe feeling of being not as good as someone or something elseHis ill treatment as a child had given him a strong sense of inferiority.7inflictvɪnˈflɪktto force someone to experience something very unpleasantThese new bullets are capable of inflicting massive injuries.7ironically
aɪəˈrɒnɪkliin a way that shows that you really mean the opposite of what you are sayingYou've been so kind and patient ,'he said ironically.7joinvdʒɔɪnto become a member of an organisationI felt so unfit after Christmas that I decided to join a gym.7Jr (junior)adjˈdʒuːniəʳused after a man's name to refer to the younger of two men in the same family who have the same name.I'd like to speak to Mr Samuel Johnson junior, not senior.7landminenˈlændmaɪna bomb which is put on or under the ground and explodes when a person steps on it or a vehicle drives over itMany people are killed every year by landmines.7literaturenˈlɪtrətʃəʳwritten artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic valueclassical/modern literature7luxurynˈlʌkʃərigreat comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful thingsto live in luxury7mannernˈmænəʳthe way in which something is doneShe stared at me in an accusing manner.7manufacturingnˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋthe business of producing goods in large numberscar manufacturing7marriagenˈmærɪdʒa legally accepted relationship between a woman and a man in which they live as husband and wife, or the official ceremony which results in thisThey had a long and happy marriage.7militaryadjˈmɪlɪtrirelating to or belonging to the armed forcesforeign military intervention7minenmaɪna type of bomb put below the earth or in the sea which explodes when vehicles, ships or people go over itHe was killed when his tank ran over a mine.7misfortunenmɪsˈfɔːtʃuːnbad luck, or an unlucky eventThat was the worst film I've ever had the misfortune to see.7neutraladjˈnjuːtrəlnot saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or warIf there's an argument between my daughter and her mother, it's important that I remain neutral.7nitroglycerinenˌnaɪtrəʊˈɡlɪsəriːna very powerful liquid explosiveThe bomb was packed with nitroglycerine.7non-violentadjˌnɒnˈvaɪələntavoiding fighting or violenceGandhi was an exponent of non-violent protest.7obituarynəʊˈbɪtʃʊəria report, especially in a newspaper, which gives the news of someone's death and details about their lifeI was shocked to read his obituary in the paper. I hadn't even known he was ill.7occasionnəˈkeɪʒəna particular time, especially when something happens or has happenedWe met on several occasions to discuss the issue.7offencenəˈfentssomething rude or disrespectful that you say or do that causes hurt or annoyed feelingsI really didn't mean (to cause/give) any offence - I was just stating my opinion.7opposevəˈpəʊzto disagree with something or someone, often by speaking or fighting against themThe proposed new examination system has been vigorously opposed by teachers.7overlookvˌəʊvəˈlʊkto fail to notice or consider somethingI think there is one key fact that you have overlooked.7parliamentaryadjˌpɑːləˈmentəriof or relating to a parliamenta parliamentary candidate/debate/election/session7periodnˈpɪəriəda length of timeHer work means that she spends long periods away from home.7perspectivenpəˈspektɪva particular way of considering somethingHer attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject.7plusprepplʌsadded toWhat is six plus four?7prejudicenˈpredʒədɪsan unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledgeLaws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced.7pridenpraɪda feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get because you or people connected with you have done or got something goodShe felt a great sense of pride as she watched him accept the award.7prime ministernpraɪm ˈmɪnɪstəʳthe leader of the government in some countriesMargaret Thatcher was the first British female prime minister7promotevprəˈməʊtto encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of somethingAdvertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.7proposalnprəˈpəʊzəlan offer of marriageShe didn't accept his proposal because she didn't love him.7railwaynˈreɪlweɪthe system of tracks, stations, trains, etc.a railway station/timetable/siding, etc.7readernˈriːdəʳsomeone who reads a particular newspaper or magazineWe asked our readers to write in and give us their views.7reflectionnrɪˈflekʃənserious and careful thoughtOn reflection, I decided I had been wrong.7rejoicevrɪˈdʒɔɪsto feel or show great happiness about somethingEveryone rejoiced at the news of his safe return.7resolvevrɪˈzɒlvto solve or end a problem or difficultyHave you resolved the problem of transport yet?7revealvrɪˈviːlto make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secretHe was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.7satisfyvˈsætɪsfaɪto please someone by giving them what they want or needThey have 31 flavours of ice-cream - enough to satisfy everyone!7seatnsiːtan official position as a politician or member of a group of people who control somethingShe has a seat on the board of directors.7servevsɜːvto work for; to do your duty toHe served in the army in India for twenty years.7significantlyadvsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntliin a way that suggests a special meaningHe said that he would be bringing a friend with him but, significantly, didn't say who it was.7singleadjˈsɪŋɡəlone onlyHe knocked his opponent down with a single blow.7speak outphrasal vspiːk aʊtto give your opinion about something in public, especially on a subject which you have strong feelings aboutI really must speak out about these job redundancies. Something must be done!7specificadjspəˈsɪfɪkrelating to one thing and not others; particularThe virus attacks specific cells in the brain.7structurenˈstrʌktʃəʳthe way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organised, or a system arranged in this waythe grammatical structure of a sentence7suppressvsəˈpresto end something by forceThe Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union.7take sidesphraseteɪk saɪdzto support one person or group rather than another, in an argument or warMy mother never takes sides when my brother and I argue.7temptvtemptto make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrongThe offer of a free car stereo tempted her into buying a new car.7tranquiladjˈtræŋkwɪlcalm and peaceful and without noise, violence, worry, etc.She stared at the tranquil surface of the water.7treatynˈtriːtia written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leadersa peace treaty7trulyadvtruːliused to emphasise that what you are saying is trueAt this time of year the river is a truly beautiful sight.7uncomfortableadjʌnˈkʌmpftəbəlslightly embarrassed, or making you feel slightly embarrassedan uncomfortable silence7vastadjvɑːstextremely bigA vast audience watched the broadcast.7weaknessnˈwiːknəswhen someone or something is not strong or powerfulAny change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness.8actnæktsomething that you doan act of aggression / bravery / madness / terrorism8alternativenɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvsomething that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and offering the possibility of choicean alternative to coffee8asylum seekernəˈsaɪləm ˈsiːkəʳsomeone who leaves their own country for their safety, often for political reasons or because of war, and who travels to another country hoping that the government will protect them and allow them to live theregenuine/bogus asylum-seekers8billnbɪla request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is writtenan electricity/gas/phone bill8bordernˈbɔːdəʳthe line that divides one country from anotherWere you stopped at the border?8ceilingnˈsiːlɪŋthe inside surface of a room which you can see when you look above youThe ceiling was thick with cobwebs.8cut sth downphrasal vkʌt daʊnto make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottomWe had the tree in the garden cut down as it blocked out light.8deckndeka flat area for walking on, especially one built across the space between the sides of a boat or a bus; a type of floorWe sat on deck until it was dark.8deductionndɪˈdʌkʃənwhen a decision or answer is reached by thinking about the known facts, or the decision that is reachedThrough a process of deduction, the detectives discovered the identity of the killer.8deedndiːdan intentional act, especially a very bad or very good oneIt seems to me that a lot of evil deeds are done in the name of religion.8desperatelyadvˈdespərətliextremely or very muchHe was desperately ill.8dishwashernˈdɪʃˌwɒʃəʳa machine that washes dirty plates, cups, forks, etc.Since we got a dishwasher my life has become a lot easier!8distributevdɪˈstrɪbjuːtto give something out to several people, or to spread or supply somethingThe books will be distributed free to local schools.8double-decker busnˈdʌbəl ˈdekəʳ bʌsa tall bus with two levelsThere are a lot of double-decker buses in London.8dummynˈdʌmisomething that is not real and is used for practice or to deceiveThe device is not a real bomb but a dummy.8duonˈdʒuːəʊa pair, especially of singers, musicians or other performersthe comedy duo Laurel and Hardy8endlessadjˈendləsnever finishing, or seeming never to finishWe used to have endless arguments about politics.8errornˈerəʳa mistakeHe admitted that he'd made an error.8extraadjˈekstrəadded to what is normalIf you need any extra help, just call me.8factuallyadvˈfæktʃuəliin a way that is based on something which is known to have happened or to exist, especially something for which proof exists, or about which there is informationfactually accurate8forknfɔːka small object with three or four points and a handle, that you use to pick up food and eat witha knife and fork8fortynumberˈfɔːtithe number 40thirty, forty, fifty8fulfilvfʊlˈfɪlto do something that is expected, hoped for or promised or to cause it to happenA school fails if it does not fulfil the needs/requirements of its pupils.8genuineadjˈdʒenjuɪnIf something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to begenuine leather8get a lot out of sthphraseɡet ə lɒt aʊt ɒvto enjoy something or think something is usefulI got a lot out of the course - it was really useful!8go to great lengthsphraseɡəʊ tu ɡreɪt leŋkθsto try very hard to achieve somethingSome people go to great lengths to make their homes attractive.8gospelnˈɡɒspəla style of religious music originally performed by black AmericansI like listening to gospel music.8half-heartedadjˌhɑːfˈhɑːtɪdshowing no enthusiasm and interestHe made a rather half-hearted attempt to clear up the rubbish.8hatrednˈheɪtrɪdan extremely strong feeling of dislikeWhat is very clear in these letters is Clark's passionate hatred of his father.8headingnhedɪŋwords written or printed at the top of a text as a titleShe read the heading and then started reading the article.8heavennˈhevəna situation that gives you great pleasureI just lay in the sun for a week and did nothing - it was heaven.8hesitatevˈhezɪteɪtto pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about itShe hesitated slightly before answering the inspector's question.8housing estatenhaʊzɪŋ ɪˈsteɪtan area containing a large number of houses or apartments built close together at the same timeThey live on/in a housing estate.8impossibilitynɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlətisomething that cannot happen or be achievedWhat you're asking just can't be done - it's an impossibility.8kindnessnˈkaɪndnɪsthe quality of being generous, helpful and thinking about other people's feelingslove and kindness8make an effortphrasemeɪk ˈæn ˈefətto produce the physical or mental activity needed to achieve somethingCome on! Make an effort - you can do it!8manufacturernˌmænjəˈfæktʃərəʳa company that produces goods in large numbersGermany is a major manufacturer of motor cars.8mildadjmaɪldnot violent, severe or extremeShe can't accept even mild criticism of her work.8mistrustvmɪˈstrʌstto have doubts about the honesty or abilities of someoneI've always mistrusted politicians.8Moscownˈmɒskəʊthe capital city of RussiaMost is a very interesting city.8murdernˈmɜːdəʳthe crime of intentionally killing a personTwo sisters have been charged with (officially accused of) murder.8offensivenəˈfentsɪva planned intentional attempt to achieve something When rumours started saying that the school was going to close the head teacher went on the offensive and denied it.8paraphrasevˈpærəfreɪzto repeat something written or spoken using different words, often in a humorous form or in a simpler and shorter form that makes the original meaning clearerSorry, but I don’t understand. Could you paraphrase please?8passer-bynˌpɑːsəˈbaɪsomeone who is going past a particular place, especially when something unusual happensThe gunmen opened fire, killing a policeman and a passer-by.8performvpəˈfɔːmto do an action or piece of workComputers can perform a variety of tasks.8persistvpəˈsɪstIf an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to existIf the pain persists, consult a doctor.8pleasurenˈpleʒəʳenjoyment, happiness or satisfaction, or something that gives thisHis visits gave his grandparents such pleasure.8prayvpreɪto hope for something very muchWe're praying for good weather for tomorrow's cricket match.8racknræka frame or shelf, often formed of bars, which is used to hold thingsa vegetable rack8randomadjˈrændəmhappening, done or chosen by chance rather than according to a planrandom checks/tests/attacks8rewardingadjrɪˈwɔːdɪŋgiving a reward, especially by making you feel satisfied that you have done something important or useful, or done something wellIs it a rewarding job?8shiningadjˈʃaɪnɪŋsending out or reflecting lighta shining silver cup8soloadjˈsəʊləʊalone; without other peoplea solo performance/flight8soulnsəʊlsoul music (= popular music which expresses deep feelings, originally performed by Black Americans)As well as classical I love listening to soul.8soundtracknˈsaʊndtrækthe sounds, especially the music, of a film, or a separate recording of thisThe best thing about the film is its soundtrack.8specialisevˈspeʃəlaɪzto spend most of your time studying one particular subject or doing one type of businesshe's hired a lawyer who specialises in divorce cases.8speciallyadvˈspeʃlifor a particular purposeI came here specially to see you.8strangernˈstreɪndʒəʳsomeone you do not knowMy mother always warned me not to talk to strangers.8strugglevˈstrʌɡəlto experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do somethingI've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.8suspiciousadjsəˈspɪʃəsmaking you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrongHer behaviour was very suspicious .8team upphrasal vtiːm ʌpto join another person, or form a group with other people, in order to do something togetherThey teamed up for a charity performance.8tonnentʌn1000 kilogramsA car weighs several tonnes.8trial and errornˈtraɪəl ænd ˈerəʳa way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you makeWe found the ideal solution by trial and error.8twentynumberˈtwentithe number 20nineteen, twenty, twenty-one8versenvɜːsone of the parts into which a poem or song is dividedEach verse was sung as a solo and then everyone joined in on the chorus.8wash upphrasal vwɒʃ ʌpto clean the plates, pans, and other things that you have used for cooking and eatingHe washed up his mug and put it back on the shelf.8washing-up liquidnˌwɒʃɪŋˈʌp ˈlɪkwɪda thick liquid detergent which is added to hot water when washing pans, knives and forks, etc.I've run out of washing-up liquid. Could you go down to shop and buy some?8wondervˈwʌndəʳto ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about somethingHadn't you better phone home? Your parents will be wondering where you are.8your fellow manadjjɔːʳ ˈfeləʊ mænpeople generally or the people living around youHe had very little love for his fellow men.9accentnəkˈsentthe way in which people in a particular area, country or social group pronounce wordsHe's got a strong French/Scottish accent.9accuracynˈækjərəsibeing exact or correctWe can predict changes with a surprising degree of accuracy.9ancestornˈænsestəʳa person related to you who lived a long time agoThere were portraits of his ancestors on the walls of the room.9artificialadjˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃəlmade by people, often as a copy of something naturalclothes made of artificial fibres9Asianˈeɪʒəthe continent that is to the east of Europe, the west of the Pacific Ocean and the north of the Indian OceanChina is in Asia.9associationnəˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃəna group of people who work together in a single organisation for a particular purposeThe Football Association9attemptnəˈtemptwhen you try to do something, especially something difficultShe made a few half-hearted attempts to join in their conversation.9automaticadjˌɔːtəˈmætɪkAn automatic machine or device is able to operate independently of human controlautomatic doors9barriernˈbæriəʳanything that prevents people from being together or understanding each otherDespite the language barrier (not speaking the same language), they soon became good friends.9bilingualadjbaɪˈlɪŋɡwəl(of a person) able to use two languages for communication, or (of a thing) using or involving two languagesShe works as a bilingual secretary for an insurance company.9bridgenbrɪdʒthe raised part of a ship on which the captain and other officers stand and from where they control the movement of the shipThe captain was on the bridge when the ship ran aground.9briefadjbriːflasting only a short time or containing few wordsHis acceptance speech was mercifully brief.9Brummieadjˈbrʌmifrom or relating to the Birmingham areaa Brummie accent9Bulgarianbʌlˈɡeəriəa country in Southeast EuropeSofia is the capital of Bulgaria.9bureaunˈbjʊərəʊan organisation or a business that collects or provides informationHer disappearance was reported to the police department's Missing Persons Bureau.9businessnˈbɪznɪsa situation or activity, often one that you are giving your opinion aboutArranging a trip abroad is a time-consuming business.9catch sthvkætʃto manage to hear somethingI couldn't catch what the anncer said, with all the other noise going on.9centre on sthphrasal vˈsentəʳ ɒnto have something as the main subject of discussion or interestThe discussion centred around reducing waste.9certainlyadvˈsɜːtənliused to reply completely or to emphasise something and show that there is no doubt about itShe certainly had a friend called Mark, but I don't know whether he was her boyfriend.9challengenˈtʃælɪndʒ(the situation of being faced with) something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and which therefore tests a person's abilityFinding a solution to this problem is one of the greatest challenges faced by scientists today.9come up with sthphrasal vkʌm ʌp wɪðto suggest or think of an idea or planShe's come up with an amazing idea.9commonlyadvˈkɒmənlioften or usuallyElbow injuries are commonly found among tennis players.9conceptnˈkɒnsepta principle or ideaThe very concept of free speech is unknown to them.9confinesplural nˈkɒnfaɪnzthe outer limits of somethingthe narrow confines of a religious life9congressnˈkɒŋɡresa large formal meeting of representatives from countries or societies at which ideas are discussed and information is exchangedan international/medical congress9conversationaladjˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃənəlrelating to or like a conversationa conversational style of writing9councilnˈkaʊntsəla group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organisationthe United Nations Security Council9creationnkriˈeɪʃənthe act of creating (= making something new) or the thing that is createdthe creation of a new political party9Czechntʃekof or from the Czech RepublicThe Czech language has about 12 million native speakers.9dedicatedadjˈdedɪkeɪtɪdbelieving that something is very important and giving a lot of time and energy to ita dedicated father/teacher9delegatenˈdelɪɡeɪta person chosen or elected by a group to speak, vote, etc. for them, especially at a meetingDelegates have voted in favour of the motion.9dialectnˈdaɪəlekta form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country, containing some different words and grammar, etc.a regional dialect9diatonicadjˌdaɪəˈtɒnɪkbelonging or relating to a major or minor musical scale consisting of five full tones and two semitonesMelodies may be based on a diatonic scale.9driftndrɪftthe general meaning without the detailsThe general drift of the article was that society doesn't value older people.9due tophrasedʒuː tubecause ofThe train arrived late due to wet leaves on the line9enthusiastnɪnˈθjuːziæsta person who is very interested in and involved with a particular subject or activitya keep-fit enthusiast9Esperantonˌespərˈæntəʊan artificial language, made by combining features of several European languages, intended as a form of international communicationEsperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s.9estimatevˈestɪmeɪtto guess the cost, size, value, etc. of somethingGovernment sources estimate a long-term 50% increase in rail fares.9estimatenˈestɪmeɪta guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might beThe number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of between 50 and 100.9estuarynˈestʃuərithe wide part of a river at the place where it joins the seathe Thames estuary9facevfeɪsIf you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with itPassengers could face long delays.9facilitatevfəˈsɪlɪteɪtto make possible or easierThe new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.9featurenˈfiːtʃəʳa typical quality or an important part of somethingThe town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.9fluentadjˈfluːəntWhen a person is fluent, they can speak a language easily, well and quicklyShe's fluent in French.9for instancephrasefɔːʳ ˈɪntstəntsfor exampleIn the electronics industry, for instance, 5,000 jobs are being lost.9Geordienˈdʒɔːdithe type of English spoken by someone from Tynesidea Geordie accent9get away with sthphrasal vɡet əˈweɪ wɪðto succeed in avoiding punishment for somethingNobody saw her steal the jacket so she got away with it.9Glaswegiannɡlæzˈwiːdʒənof or from Glasgow, the largest city in ScotlandJohn has got a Glaswegian accent.9hilaritynhɪˈlærətiwhen people laugh very loudly and think something is very funnyWhat was all the hilarity about?9Hungarynˈhʌŋɡəria country in central EuropeBudapest is the capital of Hungary.9ignorancenˈɪɡnərəntslack of knowledge, understanding or information about somethingPublic ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern.9in stitchesphraseɪn ˈstɪtʃɪzIf a joke or funny story has you in stitches, it makes you laugh uncontrollably.He had me in stiches - he was so funny.9incidentnˈɪntsɪdəntan event which is either unpleasant or unusualan isolated/serious/unfortunate incident9incomprehensibleadjɪnˌkɒmprɪˈhentsəbəlimpossible or extremely difficult to understandThese accounts are utterly incomprehensible. Can you explain them to me?9intergalacticadjˌɪntəɡəˈlæktɪkbetween galaxies large groups of stars and other matterintergalactic space9internationallyadvˌɪntəˈnæʃənəliinvolving more than one countryHer internationally acclaimed novel has won several literary prizes.9journalnˈdʒɜːnəla serious magazine or newspaper which is published regularly, usually about a specialist subjecta medical/trade journal9key sth inphrasal vkiː ɪnto put information into a computer or a machine using a keyboardShe keyed in the password and pressed 'enter'.9livelyadjˈlaɪvlihaving or showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm, or showing interesting and exciting thoughtIt's hard work teaching a class of lively children.9Mancuniannmæŋˈkjuːniənof or from Manchester, a city in the north of EnglandThe Mancunian accent is easy to recognise.9materialnməˈtɪəriəlinformation used when writing something such as a book, or information produced in various forms to help people or to advertise productsI'm in the process of collecting material for an article that I'm writing.9miscommunicationnˈmɪskəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪʃənfailure to communicate ideas or intentions successfullyA spokeswoman blamed the confusion on miscommunication between the company and its customers.9misunderstandvˌmɪsʌndəˈstændto think you have understood someone or something when you have notIf you think that these transport problems can be solved by building more roads, you completely misunderstand the nature of the problem.9mother tonguenˈmʌðəʳ tʌŋthe first language that you learn when you are a baby, rather than a language learned at school or as an adultMy mother tongue is English.9obviouslyadvˈɒbviəsliin a way that is easy to understand or seeHe was in tears and obviously very upset.9offendvəˈfendto make someone upset or angryI think she was a bit offended that she hadn't been invited to the party.9plausibleadjˈplɔːzɪbəlseeming likely to be true, or able to be believeda plausible explanation/excuse9Polandnˈpəʊlənda country in central EuropeWarsaw is the capital of Poland.9principlenˈprɪntsəpəla basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or worksthe principles of the criminal justice system9processnprəʊˈsesa series of actions that you take in order to achieve a resultthe peace process9producernprəˈdʒuːsəʳa company, country or person that provides goods, especially those which are produced by an industrial process or grown or obtained through farming, usually in large amountsegg producers9regionaladjˈriːdʒənəlrelating to or coming from a particular part of a countrya regional accent/dialect/newspaper9researchvrɪˈsɜːtʃto study a subject thoroughly, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understandingShe's researching into possible cures for AIDS.9responsenrɪˈspɒntsan answer or reactionResponses to our advertisement have been disappointing.9reversevrɪˈvɜːsto (cause something to) go backwards, or to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its oppositeShe reversed the car into the parking space.9scalenskeɪla set of notes played or sung in order, going up or downthe scale of G major9Scouseadjskaʊsof the form of English spoken by a person from LiverpoolShe has a very strong Scouse accent.9seasideadjˈsiːsaɪdnear the sea, especially a place where people spend their holidaysI usually spend my holidays at the seaside.9sensensentsa general feeling or understandingDid you get any sense of how they might react?9sensitivitynˌsentsɪˈtɪvətithe ability to record small changes in weight, temperature, etc.The sensitivity of the machine provides us with extremely accurate data.9separatevˈsepəreɪtto (cause to) divide into partsThe north and south of the country are separated by a mountain range.9servicenˈsɜːvɪsa system or organisation that provides for a basic public needthe ambulance/health/postal/prison service9shortsnʃɔːtstrousers that end above the knee or reach the knee, which are often worn in hot weather or when playing a sporttennis shorts9signnsaɪna notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc.a road sign9slightadjslaɪtsmall in amount or degreea slight improvement9Slovakadjˈsləʊvækof or from SlovakiaSlovak is the official language of Slovakia.9soft drinknsɒft drɪŋka cold, usually sweet, drink which does not contain alcoholI'm driving so I'd better just have a soft drink.9sourcensɔːsthe place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of somethinga source of heat/energy/light9spacecraftnˈspeɪskrɑːfta vehicle used for travel in spacea manned/unmanned spacecraft with/without people inside9spareadjspeəʳIf something is spare, it is available to use because it is extraa spare key/tyre9standardadjˈstændədusual rather than special, especially when thought of as being correct or acceptableWhite is the standard colour for this model of refrigerator.9strikingadjˈstraɪkɪŋvery unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracting a lot of attentionShe bears a striking resemblance to her mother.9succeedvsəkˈsiːdIf you succeed, you achieve something that you have been aiming for, and if a plan or piece of work succeeds, it has the results that you wantedShe's been trying to pass her driving test for six years and she's finally succeeded.9Tajikistanntɑːˌdʒɪkɪˈstɑːna land-locked country in central AsiaHe's from Tajikistan.9take off phrasal vteɪk ɒf(of career) to suddenly start to be successful or popularHer singing career has just started to take off.9tragicallyadvˈtrædʒɪkliin a very sad way, often involving death and sufferingShe died tragically young.9trickyadjˈtrɪkiIf a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skillThose bird models are quite tricky to make, aren't they?9unawareadjˌʌnəˈweəʳnot understanding or realising somethingHe was unaware that the police were watching him.9universaladjˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəlexisting everywhere or involving everyonea universal truth9universitynˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsətia college or collection of colleges at which people study for a degreeWhich university did you go to?9unsuccessfuladjˌʌnsəkˈsesfəlnot achieving the hoped for results; not successfulThey made several unsuccessful attempts to reach the men.9varyvˈveəriIf things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you cause them to be different from each otherSalary scales vary between states/from state to state/according to state/with each state.9vehiclenˈvɪəkəla machine usually with wheels and an engine, which is used for transporting people or goods on land, especially on roadsA truck driver died last night when his vehicle overturned.9visitornˈvɪzɪtəʳsomeone who visits a person or placeBen, you've got some visitors to see you.9way roundphraseweɪ raʊnda way of dealing with or avoiding a problemCan you find a way round this problem?9welcomevˈwelkəmto meet and speak to someone in a friendly way when they come to the place where you areThe visitors to the College were warmly welcomed by the Warden.9Welcome!exclˈwelkəmsaid as a greeting to someone arriving at a placeWelcome - please come in.9whistlevˈhwɪsəlto make a high sound by forcing air through a small hole or passage, especially through the lips, or through a special device held to the lipsHe whistled as he worked.9worldwideadjˌwɜːldˈwaɪdexisting or happening in all parts of the worlda worldwide recession10adaptvəˈdæptto change something to suit different conditions or usesMany software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.10advertnədˈvɜːtan advertisementan advert for the local radio station10advertisingnˈædvətaɪzɪŋthe business of trying to persuade people to buy products or servicesFiona works in advertising.10agencynˈeɪdʒəntsia business which represents one group of people when dealing with another groupan advertising / employment / estate / travel agency10ambitionnæmˈbɪʃəna strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc.She's got a lot of ambition.10apartadvəˈpɑːtseparated by a distance or, less commonly, by timeStand with your feet wide apart.10appealnəˈpiːlwhen a lot of people are asked to give money, information or helpThey've launched an appeal for the flood victims.10auxiliary verbnɔːɡˈzɪliəri vɜːba verb that gives grammatical information, for example about tense, which is not given by the main verb of a sentenceDo' is an auxiliary verb.10awarenessnəˈweənɪsknowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experiencePublic awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously.10backgroundnˈbækɡraʊndthe things that can be seen or heard behind other things that are closer or louderThe little figure that you can just see in the background of the photograph is me.10caringadjˈkeərɪŋdescribes someone who is kind and gives emotional support to othersI've always thought of Jo as a very caring person.10catchvkætʃto manage to hear somethingCould you repeat that please? I didn't quite catch what you said.10conservatorynkənˈsɜːvətria school for the teaching of music or sometimes acting or artHe taught at the convervatory before joining the band and becoming world famous.10considerationnkənˌsɪdərˈeɪʃənwhen you give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging somethingAfter some consideration, we've decided to sell the house.10debutnˈdeɪbjuːwhen someone performs or presents something to the public for the first timeShe made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake.10discussionndɪˈskʌʃənwhen people talk about something and tell each other their ideas or opinionsI can say nothing - the matter is still under discussion being considered.10distractvdɪˈstræktto make someone stop giving their attention to somethingDon't distract her (from her studies).10dreadvdredto feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happenHe's dreading his driving test - he's sure he's going to fail.10familiaradjfəˈmɪliəʳeasy to recognise because of being seen, met, heard, etc. beforeThere were one or two familiar faces people I knew.10formvfɔːmto begin to exist or to make something begin to existA crowd formed around the accident.10formeradjˈfɔːməʳof or in an earlier time; before the present time or in the pasthis former wife10glossyadjˈɡlɒsismooth and shinyShe has wonderfully glossy hair.10goodwillnɡʊdˈwɪlfriendly and helpful feelingsThe school has to rely on the goodwill of the parents to help it raise money.10greetingnˈɡriːtɪŋsomething friendly or polite that you say or do when you meet or welcome someoneThey briskly exchanged greetings before starting the session.10gymnastnˈdʒɪmnæsta person who is skilled in gymnastics, often someone who competes in gymnastic competitionsa great Russian gymnast10Haitianadjˈheɪʃənof or from Haiti, a country in the CaribbeanThe Haitian earthquake in 2010 killed 230,000 people.10household namenˈhaʊshəʊld neɪma famous person that most people know ofYou must have heard of him! He's a household name!10independentlyadvˌɪndɪˈpendəntliin a way that is not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events or thingsThe two scientists both made the same discovery independently, at roughly the same time.10introductionnˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃənwhen something is put into use or brought to a place for the first timeThe introduction of new working practices has dramatically improved productivity.10launchvlɔːntʃto begin something such as a plan or introduce something new such as a productThe scheme was launched a year ago.10Leave it out!exclliːv ˌɪt aʊt(slang) stop doing or saying thatShe didn't do it on purpose. Leave it out!10make it bigphrasemeɪk ˌɪt bɪɡ(informal) to become famous or successfulWho would have thougt that she'd make it big!10make your mark (on sth)phrasemeɪk jɔːʳ mɑːkto have an important effect on somethingI don't know what I want to do as a career, I only know that I want to make my mark on the world.10officenˈɒfɪsa part of a companyThey've got offices in Paris, London and Madrid.10one-offnˌwʌnˈɒfsomething that happens or is made or done only onceWill you be doing more talks in future or was it just a one-off?10organisationnˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃəna group of people who work together in a structured way for a shared purposethe World Health organisation10owevəʊto have success, happiness, a job, etc. only because of what someone has given you or done for you or because of your own effortsI owe my success to my education.10packedadjpæktcompletely fullThe train was so packed that I couldn't find a seat.10personanpəˈsəʊnəthe particular type of character that a person seems to have, which is often different from their real or private characterHe had a shy, retiring side to his personality that was completely at odds with his public persona.10photo callnˈfəʊtəʊ kɔːlan occasion when people at a formal event are asked to have their photograph taken together, or when photographers are officially invited to take photographs of a famous personThe prime minister had to interrupt the photocall to take an important call.10prestigiousadjpresˈtɪdʒəsvery much respected and admired, usually because of being importanta prestigious literary award10privilegedadjˈprɪvəlɪdʒdhaving more money or other advantages than other peopleAs an ambassador, she enjoys a very privileged status.10questnkwesta long search for something that is difficult to find, or an attempt to achieve something difficultNothing will stop them in their quest for truth.10realitynriˈælətithe state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to beThe reality of the situation is that unless we find some new funding soon, the youth centre will have to close.10refugeenˌrefjʊˈdʒiːa person who has escaped from their own country for political, religious or economic reasons or because of a warThousands of refugees fled across the border.10reviewnrɪˈvjuːa report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion about a new book, film, etc.Derek writes film/theatre/book reviews for the newspapers.10seekvsiːkto try to find or get something, especially something which is not a physical objectAre you actively seeking jobs?' she asked.10sensationnsenˈseɪʃənsomething very exciting or interesting, or something which causes great excitement or interestTheir affair caused a sensation.10shopping mallnˈʃɒpɪŋ mæla large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not allowedThere are plans to build a new mall in the middle of town.10spoilvspɔɪlto destroy or reduce the pleasure, interest or beauty of somethingHe tried not to let the bad news spoil his evening.10spread the wordphrasespred ðə wɜːdto communicate a message to a lot of peopleCan you spread the word about the party please. The more people who come, the better!10strictadjstrɪktstrongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, and likely to severely punish them if they do not obeyMy parents were very strict with me when I was young.10truthntruːθthe quality of being right and not wrong; correctThere would seem to be some truth in what she says.10wantvwɒntto wish for a particular thing or plan of action. 'Want' is not used in polite requests in British EnglishI want some chocolate.11aghastadjəˈɡɑːstsuddenly filled with strong feelings of shock and worryHe looked at her aghast.11agonynˈæɡəniextreme physical or mental pain or sufferingShe lay there screaming in agony.11alightadjəˈlaɪtburning; on fireI had to use a bit of petrol to get the fire alight.11amazementnəˈmeɪzməntextreme surpriseShe stared in amazement.11attemptvəˈtemptto try to do something, especially something difficultHe attempted to escape through a window.11beatvbiːtto defeat or do better thanSimon always beats me at tennis.11beatnbiːtin music, a regular emphasis, or a place in the music where such an emphasis is expectedHe tapped his foot to the beat.11browsevbraʊzto look through a book or magazine without reading everything, or to walk around a shop looking at several things without intending to buy any of themI was browsing through fashion magazines to find a new hairstyle.11catchyadjˈkætʃi(especially of a tune or song) pleasing and easy to remembera catchy tune11composevkəmˈpəʊzto produce music, poetry or formal writingProkofiev started composing at the age of five.11counternˈkaʊntəʳa long flat narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which people are servedThere was nobody behind/on the counter when I went into the bank, and I had to wait to be served.11crushedadjkrʌʃtupset or shockedHe was crushed by the news of the accident.11curvevkɜːvto form a curve or move in the shape of a curveThe road curves round to the left.11definitelyadvˈdefɪnətliwithout any doubtHave you definitely decided to go to America?11delightedadjdɪˈlaɪtɪdvery pleaseda delighted audience11direct questionndɪˈrekt ˈkwestʃəna question that you ask another person, for example 'What time is it?' You must always use a question mark in a direct question.11DJnˌdiːˈdʒeɪdisc jockeyThe DJ played some great new music.11enjoyableadjɪnˈdʒɔɪəbəlAn enjoyable event or experience gives you pleasurea very enjoyable game/film11exchangevɪksˈtʃeɪndʒto give something to someone and receive something from themIt's traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game.11exhaleveksˈheɪlto send air out of your lungsTake a deep breath in then exhale into the mouthpiece.11fair play phrasefeəʳ pleɪ(UK informal) said to praise someone when you think that they have done the right thing and done wellFair play to everyone who took part in the competition.11flick through sthvflɪk θruːto look quickly at the pages of a magazine, book, etc.While she was waiting to see the doctor she flicked through a magazine.11folknfəʊkmodern music and songs that are written in a style similar to that of traditional musicI enjoy listening to folk (music/songs).11followernˈfɒləʊəʳsomeone who has a great interest in somethingThey are keen followers of their local football team.11frightnfraɪtthe feeling of fear, especially if felt suddenly, or an experience of fear which happens suddenlyI lay in bed shaking with fright.11gaspnɡɑːspa short quick breath through the mouth, especially because of surprise, pain or shockHe gave a gasp of amazement.11growernˈɡrəʊəʳsomething that you like more and more although you did not like it at firstThat song is a grower.11hagglevˈhæɡəlto attempt to decide on a price or conditions which are acceptable to the person selling the goods and the person buying them, usually by arguingIt's traditional that you haggle over/about the price of things in the market.11haikunˈhaɪkuːa short Japanese poem in 17 syllablesOur teacher asked us to write a haiku for homework.11halfwayadjˌhɑːfˈweɪin the middle of something, or at a place which is equally far from two other placesYork is halfway between Edinburgh and London.11Hawaiinhəˈwaɪiːa U.S. state made up of islandsHawaii is the fiftieth US state.11helplesslyadvˈhelpləsliunable to do anything to help yourself or anyone elseUnable to swim, he watched helplessly as the child struggled desperately in the water.11hip-hopnˈhɪphɒpa type of popular music in which the subject of the songs is often politics or society and the words are spoken rather than sungHip-hop is one of favourite types of music.11hopelessadjˈhəʊpləscompletely without skill at a particular activityI'm hopeless at sports.11humorousadjˈhjuːmərəsfunny, or making you laughHer latest book is a humorous look at teenage life.11hypevhaɪpto repeatedly advertise and discuss something in newspapers, on television, etc. in order to attract everyone's interestIt's being hyped as the musical event of the year.11indirect questionnˌɪndɪˈrekt ˈkwestʃəna question that is reported to other people in speech or writing, rather than the exact words of the original question, for example 'He asked me what was wrong.'The benefits from pure research are often indirect.11instrumentnˈɪntstrəməntan object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is played to produce musical soundsWhich instrument do you play?11instrumentaladjˌɪntstrəˈmentəlinvolving only musical instruments, and no singinginstrumental music11limericknˈlɪmərɪka humorous poem with five linesI invented a limerick about my brother.11lipnlɪpone of the two soft, red edges of the mouthShe kissed me on the lips.11long-timeadjˈlɒŋˌtaɪmdescribes someone who has been in a particular position for a long periodA long-time friend of the chairman said she had expected the resignation.11lose countvluːz kaʊntto not be able to remember how many times something has happenedI've lost count how many times you've kept me waiting.11manufacturevˌmænjəˈfæktʃəʳto produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machinesHe works for a company that manufactures car parts.11marketnˈmɑːkɪta place or event at which people meet in order to buy and sell thingsFruit and vegetables are much cheaper from/in/on the market than in the supermarket.11melodynˈmelədia tune, often forming part of a larger piece of musicHe played a few well-known melodies.11mini-saganˈmɪni ˈsɑːɡəa very short story She told me the mini-saga and we laughed.11muzaknˈmjuːzækrecorded music that is played quietly and continuously in public places, such as airports, hotels and shops, to make people feel relaxedThe musak playing in the supermarket was very irritating.11only kiddingphraseˈəʊnli ˈkɪdɪŋused to say that you have said something as a joke, often something that is not trueI've forgotten your birthday! Hey! Only kidding!11poetrynˈpəʊətripoems in general as a form of literaturecontemporary poetry and prose11production linenprəˈdʌkʃən laɪna line of machines and workers in a factory which a product moves along while it is being built or producedI used to work on a production line in a factory but it was such a boring job I left.11profitnˈprɒfɪtmoney which is earned in trade or business, especially after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and servicesShe makes a big profit from selling waste material to textile companies.11quidnkwɪd(UK informal) a poundCould you lend me twenty quid, mate?11rhymevraɪm(of words in a poem or song) having the same last soundBlue' and 'flew' rhyme.11second-handadjˌsekəndˈhændnot new; having been used in the past by someone elseThis bike is second-hand but it's still in good condition.11sequencenˈsiːkwəntsa series of related things or events, or the order in which they follow each otherThe first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that lead to his death.11shake your headphraseʃeɪk jɔːʳ hedto move your head from side to side, in order to express disagreement, sadness or that you do not want or believe somethingHe shook his head when I asked him if he'd seen Jake recently.11shiftvʃɪftto get rid of something unwanted, or to sell somethingModern detergents will shift most stains.11shrugvʃrʌɡto raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know or are not interestedWhere's Dad?' 'How should I know?' replied my brother, shrugging.11significancensɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntsimportanceThe discovery of the new drug is of great significance for/to people suffering from heart problems.11sleevensliːva cover to protect somethingCan you put the record back in its sleeve, please?11snatchvsnætʃto take hold of something suddenly and roughlyHe snatched the photos out of my hand before I had a chance to look at them.11social networkingadjˈsəʊʃəl ˈnetwɜːkɪŋof activities in which you communicate with other friends, classmates etc. online He spends most of his time on his computer socialnetworking.11somedayadvˈsʌmdeɪat some time in the future which is not yet known or not statedMaybe someday you'll both meet again.11spotnspɒta particular placeThis looks like a nice spot for a picnic.11studionˈstjuːdiəʊa room with special equipment where television or radio programmes or music recordings are madeShe spent three months in the studio working on her latest album.11talent contestnˈtælənt kənˈtestan event in which people compete to show who is the most skilled, especially at being entertainingThere's a really good talent contest on at the moment.11the chartsplural nðə tʃɑːtsthe lists produced each week of the records with the highest salesHe was number one in the charts last week.11the status quosingular nðə ˈsteɪtəs kwəʊthe present situationLet's not change the status quo - things are fine as they are.11throw sth awayphrasal vθrəʊ əˈweɪ to get rid of something that you do not want any moreI think we ought to throw this sofa away. It's in terrrible condition.11tightlyadvˈtaɪtlifirmly or closelyThe baby was clutching his dummy tightly in his grubby fist.11tipntɪpa useful piece of information, especially about how to do something or about the likely winner of a race or competitiongardening/cooking/sewing tips11tipvtɪp to pour a substance from one container into another or onto a surfaceShe tipped the toys out all over the floor.11tunentʃuːna series of musical notes, especially one which is pleasant and easy to remember; a melodyHe was humming a tune as he dried the dishes.11ukulele/ukelelenˌjuːkəlˈeɪlia small guitar or banjo with four stringsHe played us a tune on his ukelele.11unfashionableadjʌnˈfæʃənəbəlnot modern or popularThey paid less for the house because it was in an unfashionable part of town.11victorynˈvɪktəriwhen you win a game, competition, election, war, etc.The Redskins opened the season by scoring a resounding / stunning / impressive 25-3 victory against/over Detroit.11wobble boardnˈwɒbəl bɔːda feeling of not being certain about somethingShe's having a bit of a wobble about the move to New York.11Zimbabwenzɪmˈbɑːbweɪa country in southern AfricaHarare is the capital of Zimbabwe.12 -likesuffixlaɪklike the thing mentionedThere was a large ball-like structure on the roof.12a load ofphraseə ləʊd ɒv(informal) a lot ofThere were a load of people at the party.12aboriginaladjˌæbəˈrɪdʒənəlof or belonging to the race of people with dark skins who were the first people to live in AustraliaAboriginal art/traditions12aspectnˈæspektone part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?12astoundingadjəˈstaʊndɪŋvery surprising or shockingan astounding fact/decision/revelation12aurora borealisnðə ɔːˈrɔːrə ˌbɒriˈɑːlɪsa pattern of differently coloured lights that are sometimes seen in the night sky in the most northern parts of the worldHe saw the aurora borealis last year and said they were amazing.12autobiographynˌɔːtəbaɪˈɒɡrəfia book about a person's life, written by that personThe TV series 'An Angel at my Table' was based on the autobiographies of the New Zealand author Janet Frame.12barelyadvˈbeəliby the smallest amount; almost notThey have barely enough (no more than what is needed) to pay the rent this month.12baynbeɪa part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sidesWe sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay.12bearvbeəʳto accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasantThe strain must have been enormous but she bore it well.12beautynˈbjuːtithe quality of being pleasing, especially to look at, or someone or something that gives great pleasure, especially by being looked atThis is an area of outstanding natural beauty.12bendnbenda curved part of somethingThere's a bend in the pipe so you can't see from one end to the other.12birdsongnˈbɜːdsɒŋthe musical calls of a bird or birdsI like to listen to the birdsong early in the morning.12branchnbrɑːntʃone of the parts of a tree that grows out from the main trunk and has leaves, flowers or fruit on itbare/leafy/flowering branches12canyonnˈkænjəna large valley with very steep sides and usually a river flowing along the bottomGetting down into the canyon was easy but it was very difficult to climb out again!12castnkɑːstthe actors in a film, play or showAfter the final performance, the director threw a party for the cast.12concentrationnˌkɒntsənˈtreɪʃənthe ability to think carefully about something you are doing and nothing elseThe noise outside made concentration difficult.12coral reefnˈkɒrəl riːfan area of coral (= a substance like rock, formed in the sea by groups of particular types of small animal), the top of which can sometimes be seen just above the seaThe Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the world's largest coral reef.12correctionnkəˈrekʃəna change made to something in order to correct or improve it, or when you make such a changeShe was disappointed to see her essay returned with a mass of corrections in red ink.12crewnkruːa group of people who work together, especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc.an ambulance/lifeboat crew12delicateadjˈdelɪkətpleasantly soft or light; not stronga rose with a delicate scent12depending onphrasedɪˈpendɪŋ ɒnto be decided by or to change according to the stated thingDepending on what the weather's like, we'll either go for a walk or to the cinema.12depressedadjdɪˈprestunhappy and without hope for the futureHe seemed a bit depressed about his work situation.12descriptiveadjdɪˈskrɪptɪvdescribing something, especially in a detailed, interesting waya descriptive essay/passage12finalenfɪˈnɑːlithe last part of especially a musical or theatrical performance, which is often very exciting or emotionalAll the dancers come on stage during the grand finale.12flatadjflætlevel and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow partsAn ice rink needs to be completely flat.12geographicaladjˌdʒiːəʊˈɡræfɪkəlrelating to the geography of a particular area or place (= the way all the parts of an area are arranged within it)a geographical region12glaciernˈɡlæsiəʳa large mass of ice which moves slowlyThis valley was formed by a glacier.12guidenɡaɪda guidebooka guide to the British Isles12guided tournˈɡaɪdɪd tʊəʳa visit to a place of interest in which people are shown aroundWe had a guided tour of the stately home. It was very interesting.12headvhedto go in a particular directionI was heading out of the room when she called me back.12imaginationnɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃənthe ability to form pictures in the mindMy younger son has a very vivid active imagination.12imposingadjɪmˈpəʊzɪŋhaving an appearance which looks important or causes admirationan imposing mansion12in awe ofphraseɪn ɔː ɒva feeling of great respect sometimes mixed with fear or surpriseWhen I was a chiild I was rather in awe of my grandfather.12indestructibleadjˌɪndɪˈstrʌktəbəlimpossible to destroy or breakThese plastic cups are virtually indestructible.12kitenkaɪtan object consisting of a frame covered with plastic, paper or cloth that is flown in the air at the end of a long string, especially for pleasureto fly a kite12lemon dropnˈlemən drɒpa small lemon-flavoured hard sweet made of sugarShe sucked on the lemon drop.12lullabynˈlʌləbaɪa quiet song which is sung to children to help them go to sleepDo you want me to sing you a lullaby before you go to slep?12magicaladjˈmædʒɪkəlproduced by or using magic (= the use of special powers to make things happen which would usually be impossible)Diamonds were once thought to have magical powers.12marineadjməˈriːnrelated to the seaThe oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands.12mauveadjməʊv(having) a pale purple colourShe was wearing a mauve dress.12meltvmeltto turn from something solid into something soft or liquid, or to cause something to do thisThe snow usually melts by mid March.12misfitnˈmɪsfɪtsomeone who is not suited to a situation or who is not accepted by other people because their behaviour is strange or unusualI didn't really know anyone at the party, so I felt a bit of a misfit.12mosquitonmɒsˈkiːtəʊa small flying insect that bites people and animals, and sucks their bloodSome types of the anopheles mosquito transmit malaria to humans.12muddyadjˈmʌdicovered by or containing mud (= wet, sticky earth)Don't bring those muddy boots inside!12narrowadjˈnærəʊhaving a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the lengtha narrow bridge/passage/gap12on the surfacephraseɒn ðə ˈsɜːfɪswhat something appears to be, or the features it has which are easy to seeOn the surface, this seems like a difficult problem, but in fact there's an easy solution to it.12otherwiseconjunctionˈʌðəwaɪzused after an order or suggestion to show what the result will be if you do not follow that order or suggestionI'd better write it down, otherwise I'll forget it.12plainnpleɪna large area of flat landthe coastal plain12pointvpɔɪntto direct other people's attention to something by holding out your finger towards itLook at that!' she said, pointing at the hole in the door.12prownpraʊthe front part of a boat or shipThe captain stood at the prow and studied the horizon.12rainbownˈreɪnbəʊan arch curved shape of different colours seen in the sky when rain is falling and the sun is shiningThe tropical butterfly's wings were shimmering with all the colours of the rainbow.12raincoatnˈreɪnkəʊta coat which protects the wearer against raina plastic raincoat12rangenreɪndʒa group of hills or mountainsWe could see a low range of hills in the distance.12related to sthphraserɪˈleɪtɪd tuconnected with somethingAnything related to maths is a complete mystery to me.12replyvrɪˈplaɪto answerWhere are you going? I asked. 'Home,' he replied.12retellvˌriːˈtelto say something to someone againHe retold the story to the people who arrived late.12ridgenrɪdʒa long narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountainWe walked along the narrow mountain ridge.12river banknˈrɪvəʳ bæŋkthe land at either edge of a riverBy the time we reached the river bank, the boat was sinking fast.12roundvraʊndto go around somethingColin rounded the corner at high speed.12sacredadjˈseɪkrɪdconsidered to be holy and deserving respect, especially because of a connection with a godsacred relics/temples12sandyadjˈsændicovered with sand or containing sanda lovely sandy beach12sequoiansɪˈkwɔɪəa large Californian evergreen tree that can reach a height of more than 90 metresThe sequoias were amazing. They were so tall!12skeletonnˈskelɪtənthe frame of bones supporting a human or animal bodyWe found an old sheep skeleton up on the cliffs.12steepadjstiːp(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp anglea steep slope12suitcasenˈsuːtkeɪsa large rectangular case with a handle for carrying clothes and possessions while travellingHave you packed/unpacked your suitcase yet?12sunsetnˈsʌnsetthe appearance of the sky in the evening before the sun goes downWe sat on the beach watching a spectacular sunset.12surfacenˈsɜːfɪsthe outer or top part or layer of somethingTropical rain forests used to cover 10% of the Earth's surface.12Switzerlandnˈswɪtsələnda country in western EuropeBerne is the capital of Switzerland.12textbooknˈtekstbʊka book that contains detailed information about a subject for people who are studying that subjecta science textbook12themenθiːmthe main subject of a talk, book, film, etc.The theme of loss runs through most of his novels.12transformvtræntˈsfɔːmto change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improvedThe reorganisation will transform the British entertainment industry.12unlockedadjʌnˈlɒktnot fastened with a lockI keep worrying that I've left the garage door unlocked.12vacationnvəˈkeɪʃəna holiday, especially when you are travelling away from home for pleasureWe're taking a vacation in June.12veilnveɪla thin covering of something, which you can see through, but not very clearlyThe view over the lake was obscured by a veil of mist that hung in the air.12waterfallnˈwɔːtəfɔːlwater, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower point, sometimes from a great heightThe boys managed to swim to the river bank before they were swept over the waterfall.12wavevweɪvto raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, telling them to do something or adding emphasis to an expressionI waved to/at him from the window but he didn't see me.12wearilyadvˈwɪərɪliin a very tired wayI dragged myself wearily out of bed at five o'clock this morning.12westernnˈwestəna film based on invented stories about life in the west of the US in the pastJohn Wayne starred in a lot of westerns.12wideadjwaɪdhaving a larger distance from one side to the other than is usual or expected, especially in comparison with the length of something; not narrowa wide river/road/gap/foot12wild adjwaɪlddescribes plants or animals that live or grow independently of people, in natural conditions and with natural characteristicsThe meadow was covered in beautiful wild flowers.12wondernˈwʌndəʳan object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admirationWe spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilisation.13absent-mindedadjˌæbsəntˈmaɪndɪddescribes someone who often forgets things or does not pay attention to what is happening near them because they are thinking about other thingsHe's very absent-minded and often forgets things.13acupuncturenˈækjʊpʌŋktʃəʳa treatment for pain and illness in which thin needles are positioned just under the surface of the skin at special nerve centres around the bodyAcupuncture originated in China.13AIDSneɪdzAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: a serious disease caused by a virus which destroys the body's natural protection from infection, and which usually causes deathAIDS tests are now performed on all people who donate blood.13anaestheticnˌænəsˈθetɪka substance that makes you unable to feel painThe operation is performed under anaesthetic.13applyvəˈplaɪto request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a formBy the time I saw the job advertised it was already too late to apply.13basisnˈbeɪsɪsthe most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developedThis document will form the basis for our discussion.13blood transfusionnblʌd træntsˈfjuːʒənthe process of adding an amount of blood to the body of a person or animal, or the amount of blood itselfShe suffered kidney failure and needed a blood transfusion.13bonenbəʊnany of the hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frameThe child was so thin that you could see her bones.13breakthroughnˈbreɪkθruːan important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problemScientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.13breathevbriːðto move air into and out of the lungsIt's so airless in here - I can hardly breathe.13bushnbʊʃa plant with many small branches growing either directly from the ground or from a hard woody stem, giving the plant a rounded shapea rose bush13cancernˈkæntsəʳa serious disease that is caused when cells in the body grow in a way that is uncontrolled and not normal, killing normal cells and often causing deathHe died of liver cancer.13carry sth outphrasal vˈkæri aʊtto do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to doThe hospital is carrying out tests to find out what's wrong with her.13cavenˈkeɪva large hole in the side of a hill, cliff or mountain, or one that is undergroundThe children found a small cave and spent the afternoon playing in it.13commonplaceadjˈkɒmənpleɪshappening often or often seen or experienced and so not considered to be specialHome computers are increasingly commonplace.13complicationnˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃənan extra medical problem which makes it more difficult to treat an existing illnessIf there are no complications, the doctor says that she'll be able to come home within two weeks.13confidencenˈkɒnfɪdəntsthe quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in people, plans, or the futureHe's got the confidence to walk into a room of strangers and immediately start a conversation.13confirmvkənˈfɜːmto prove that a belief or an opinion which was previously not completely certain is trueThe smell of cigarette smoke confirmed what he had suspected: there had been a party in his absence.13conventionaladjkənˈventʃənəltraditional and ordinaryconventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes13creaturenˈkriːtʃəʳany large or small living thing which can move independently; an animalRain forests are filled with amazing creatures.13crunchvkrʌntʃto crush hard food loudly between the teeth, or to make a sound as if something is being crushed or brokenShe was crunching noisily on an apple.13curevkjʊəʳto make someone with an illness healthy againAt one time the doctors couldn't cure TB.13decreasevdɪˈkriːsto become less, or to make something become lessOur share of the market has decreased sharply this year.13detectvdɪˈtektto discover something, usually using special equipmentHigh levels of lead were detected in the atmosphere.13diagnosisnˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪsa judgment about what a particular illness or problem is, made after examining itWhat was the diagnosis? Arthritis in both joints.13digestvdaɪˈdʒestto change food in your stomach into substances that your body can useI find that I don't digest meat easily.13DNAnˌdiːenˈeɪdeoxyribonucleic acid: the chemical at the centre of the cells of living things, which controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries the genetic information during reproductionMany crimes these days are solved by DNA.13dosendəʊsa measured amount of something such as medicinea high/low dose13draw a conclusionphrasedrɔː ə kənˈkluːʒənto consider the facts of a situation and make a decision about what is true, correct, likely to happen, etc.We drew the conclusion that it was too late to remedy the situation.13drugvdrʌɡto give someone or something a chemical which causes a loss of feeling or unconsciousnessThe killer confessed that he often drugged his victims before he killed them.13Englishmannˈɪŋɡlɪʃməna man who comes from EnglandThe Englishmen had come for a cricket tournament.13examinationnɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃənwhen someone looks at or considers something carefully in order to discover somethinga post-mortem examination13exhaustedadjɪɡˈzɔːstɪdextremely tiredExhausted, they fell asleep.13expose sb to sthphrasal vekˈspəʊz tuto make it likely that someone will experience something harmful or unpleasantAbout 800,000 children are exposed to poisons each year.13flunfluːan infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fevera flu virus13forefrontnˈfɔːfrʌntthe most noticeable or important positionShe was one of the politicians at the forefront of the campaign.13germndʒɜːma very small organism that causes diseaseWash your hands so you don't get germs on the food.13gorsenɡɔːsa bush with sharp thorns and small yellow flowers, which grows in the countrysideThe hills were covered in gorse.13groundbreakingadjˈɡraʊndˌbreɪkɪŋIf something is ground-breaking, it is very new and a big change from other things of its typeHis latest film is interesting, but not ground-breaking.13healvhiːlto make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injuryThe wounds were gradually healing (up).13heathernˈhiːðəʳa low spreading bush with small pink, purple or white flowers, which grows wild, especially on hillsThe moors are covered in heather.13herbnhɜːba type of plant whose leaves are used in cooking to give flavour to particular dishes, or which are used in making medicinedried/fresh herbs13herbaladjˈhɜːbəlrelating to or made from herbsherbal tea13homesickadjˈhəʊmsɪkunhappy because of being away from home for a long periodAs I read my mother's letter, I began to feel more and more homesick.13honeysucklenˈhʌniˌsʌkəla climbing plant with flowers that smell sweetThere was honeysuckle all over the wall of the cottage.13identical twinnaɪˈdentɪkəl twɪnone of two babies of the same sex who were born at the same time, developed from the same egg, and look very similarThe identical twins were so similar it was impossible to tell them apart.13inattentiveadjˌɪnəˈtentɪvnot giving attention to someone or somethingHe was wholly inattentive to the needs of his children.13initiallyadvɪˈnɪʃliat the beginningInitially, most people approved of the new scheme.13instinctnˈɪntstɪŋktthe way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about itAll his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help.13jointndʒɔɪnta place in your body where two bones are connectedan elbow/hip/knee joint13judgementnˈdʒʌdʒmənta decision or opinion about someone or something that you form after thinking carefullyI don't feel I can pass judgement on him.13Kenyanˈkenjəa country in east AfricaNigeria is the capital of Kenya.13kidneynˈkɪdnieither of a pair of small organs in the body which take away waste matter from the blood to produce urinekidney failure13knowledgenˈnɒlɪdʒunderstanding of or information about a subject which a person gets by experience or study, and which is either in a person's mind or known by people generallyHer knowledge of English grammar is very extensive.13legnleɡone of the parts of the body of a human or animal that is used for standing or walking, or one of the thin vertical parts of an object on which it standsMy legs were tired after so much walking.13livernlɪvəʳa large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile, or this organ from an animal used as meatHe went into hospital to have his liver operated on.13long-standingadjˌlɒŋˈstændɪŋhaving existed for a long timea long-standing agreement13lungnlʌŋeither of the two organs in the chest with which people and some animals breatheSmoking is very damaging to the lungs.13massagevˈmæsɑːdʒto rub and press someone's body with regular repeated movements, in order to relax them or to reduce stiffness or pain in their joints places where two bones are connected or musclesWould you massage my shoulders?13medicationnˌmedɪˈkeɪʃəna medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs used to improve a particular condition or illnessHe is currently on/taking medication for his heart.13microorganismnˌmaɪkrəʊˈɔːɡənɪzəma living thing which on its own is too small to be seen without a microscopeThere are thousands of microorganisms living here.13miserynˈmɪzərigreat unhappinessWe have witnessed the most appalling scenes of human misery.13moleculenˈmɒlɪkjuːlthe simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atomsOxygen molecules consist of a single chemical element.13neutralisevˈnjuːtrəlaɪz to stop something from having an effectThe aerial bombardments have neutralised the threat of artillery attackes on the allied ground forces.13night-timenˈnaɪttaɪmthe time in every 24-hour period when it is darkIt's pretty noisy at night-time.13nostalgicadjnɒsˈtældʒɪkfeeling happy and sometimes slightly sad at the same time as you think about things that happened in the pastTalking about our old family holidays has made me feel quite nostalgic.13noticeboardnˈnəʊtɪsbɔːda board on a wall on which notices can be fixedI've put the list of players up on the noticeboard.13operationnˌɒpərˈeɪʃənwhen a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged parta major/minor/routine operation13organnˈɔːɡəna part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular joban external/internal/reproductive organ13over-prefixˈəʊvəʳtoo much or more than usualDon't get the children over-excited - they have to go to bed soon.13overnightadvˌəʊvəˈnaɪtfor or during the nightan overnight stop in Paris13painkillernˈpeɪnˌkɪləʳmedicine used to reduce or remove physical painThe body produces chemicals which are natural painkillers.13panickyadjˈpænɪkifeeling worried or frighteneda panicky feeling/expression/action13participatevpɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪtto take part in or become involved in an activityShe never participates in any of our discussions, does she?13pasteurizationnˌpæstʃəraɪˈzeɪʃənthe process of heating something, especially milk, at a controlled temperature for a fixed period of time in order to kill bacteriaPasteurization is a process that makes milk safer to drink.13pickvpɪkto take some things and leave others; to choosePick a card from the pack.13poisonousadjˈpɔɪzənəsvery harmful and able to cause illness or deathpoisonous chemicals13positivelyadvˈpɒzətɪvliin a good or hopeful wayI don't respond very positively to being bossed around - it just makes me angry.13problematicaladjˌprɒbləˈmætɪkəlfull of problems or difficultiesGetting everyone there on time might be problematical.13pumpvpʌmpto force liquid or gas to move somewhereOur latest machine can pump a hundred gallons a minute.13recovervrɪˈkʌvəʳto get back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc.It took her a long while to recover  after her heart operation.13remedynˈremədia successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficultyan effective herbal remedy for headaches13removevrɪˈmuːvto take something or someone away from somewhere, or off somethingThe men came to remove the rubbish from the backyard.13save sb's lifephraseseɪv laɪfto stop someone from being killed (for example by a serious illness)The doctor's quick thinking saved my life.13selectvsɪˈlektto choose a small number of things, or to choose by making careful decisionsThere was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them.13selectionnsɪˈlekʃəna choice, range, or different types of somethingMost schools would have a good selection of these books in their libraries.13sharpadjʃɑːphaving a thin edge or point which can cut something or make a hole in somethinga knife with a sharp edge/blade.13sharpenvˈʃɑːpənto make something sharp or sharperMy pencil is blunt - I'll have to sharpen it.13significantadjsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntimportant or noticeableThere has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years.13similaritynˌsɪmɪˈlærətiwhen people or things look or are the sameI can see the similarity between you and your mother.13smallpoxnˈsmɔːlpɒksan extremely infectious disease which causes a fever, spots on the skin and often deathMany people died from smallpox in previous centuries.13sodiumnˈsəʊdiəma soft silver-white chemical element that is found in saltThe chemical term for salt is 'sodium chloride'.13stethoscopenˈsteθəskəʊpa piece of medical equipment which doctors use to listen to your heart and lungsDoctors often wear a stethosocpe around their necks.13surgeonnˈsɜːdʒəna doctor who is specially trained to perform medical operationsThe surgeon told her that the operation had been very successful.13swallowvˈswɒləʊto cause food, drink, pills, etc. to move from your mouth into your stomach by using the muscles of your throat, or to use the muscles of your throat as if doing thisMy throat is so sore that it really hurts when I swallow.13symptomnˈsɪmptəmany feeling of illness or physical or mental change which is caused by a particular diseaseHe's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache and so on.13therapynˈθerəpia treatment which helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illnessoccupational therapy13thoroughadjˈθʌrədetailed and carefula thorough revision of the manuscript13thusadvðʌswith this resultThey planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.13timelinenˈtaɪmlaɪna line that shows the time and the order in which events have happenedCan we just go over the timeline again?13toentəʊany of the five separate parts at the end of the footyour big toe your largest toe13toxinnˈtɒksɪna poisonous substance, especially one which is produced by bacteria and which causes diseaseThe toxins in the water made a lot of people ill.13transplantntræntsˈplɑːntwhen something is transplanted, especially an operation in which a new organ is put into someone's bodya liver/kidney transplant13treatvtriːtto use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of a disease or heal an injuryHe is being treated for a rare skin disease.13tuskntʌskeither of the two long pointed teeth which stick out from the mouth of some animals such as elephantsThe boar had long tusks.13typhoidnˈtaɪfɔɪdan infectious disease spread by dirty water and food, causing a high body temperature, red spots on the upper body, severe pains in the bowels and sometimes deathTyphoid can sometimes be fatal.13unwelladjʌnˈwelnot well; illI hear you've been unwell recently.13vaccinationnˌvæksɪˈneɪʃənwhen someone is given a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a diseaseAll the children have received two vaccinations against measles.13vaccinenˈvæksiːna substance which contains a form that is not harmful of a virus or bacterium extremely small organism and which is given to a person or animal to prevent them from getting the disease which the virus or bacterium causesThis vaccine protects against some kinds of the bacteria.13violetnˈvaɪələta small plant with pleasant-smelling purple, blue or white flowersShe was carrying a small bunch of violets.13visualisevˈvɪʒuəlaɪzto form a picture of someone or something in your mind, in order to imagine or remember themI was surprised when I saw him - I had visualised someone older.13widelyadvwaɪdliincluding a lot of different places, people, subjects, etc.They have both travelled widely.13woodnwʊda hard substance which forms the branches and trunks of trees and which can be used as a building material, for making things, or as a fuelHe gathered some wood to build a fire.13yearlyadjjɪəlievery year or once every yearWe get a yearly pay increase.14arisevəˈraɪzto happenShould the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China.14attachvəˈtætʃto fasten, join or connect; to place or fix in positionI attached a photo to my application form.14balancevˈbæləntsto give several things equal amounts of importance, time or money so that a situation is successfulI struggle to balance work and family commitments.14be in sb's shadowphrasebɪ ɪn ˈʃædəʊto always receive less attention than someone elseShe has always been in her sister's shadow.14be on the tip of your tonguephrasebɪ ɒn ðə tɪp ɒv jɔːʳ tʌŋIf something that you want to say is on the tip of your tongue, you think you know it and that you will be able to remember it very soonHer name is on the tip of my tongue.14bite your lipphrasebaɪt jɔːʳ lɪpto prevent yourself from showing your reaction to something by speaking or laughingI really wanted to laugh - I had to bite my lip.14black and white (film)nblæk ænd hwaɪta film that has no colours except black, white and greyThe old newsreels were filmed in black and white.14bulletnˈbʊlɪta small, metal object that is shot from a gunA bullet had lodged in the boy's leg.14buttonnˈbʌtəna small, sometimes circular object which you press to operate a device or a machine, or an area on a computer screen which looks and acts like one of theseHe inserted the CD and pressed the 'play' button.14cakenkeɪka sweet food made with a mixture of flour, eggs, fat and sugarWould you like a piece of/a slice of/some cake?14chucklevˈtʃʌkəlto laugh quietlyShe was chuckling as she read the letter.14collidevkəˈlaɪd(especially of moving objects) to hit something violentlyThe two vans collided at the crossroads.14conjure upphrasal vkənˈdʒʊəʳ ʌpto make something appear by magic, or as if by magicIn an instant, the magician had conjured (up) a dove from his hat.14criminalnˈkrɪmɪnəlsomeone who commits a crimea dangerous/violent criminal14cry your eyes outphrasekraɪ jɔːʳ aɪz aʊtto cry a lotShe cried her eyes out when he told her that the engagement was off.14depressionndɪˈpreʃənthe state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the futureI was overwhelmed by feelings of depression.14derive sth from sthphrasal vdɪˈraɪv frɒmto get something from something elseI derive great pleasure from playing the violin.14dissatisfiedadjdɪsˈsætɪsfaɪdnot pleased with something; feeling that something is not as good as it should beIf you're dissatisfied with the service, why don't you complain to the hotel manager?14disturbvdɪˈstɜːbto interrupt what someone is doingPlease don't disturb Georgina - she's trying to do her homework.14doorstepnˈdɔːstepa step in front of an outside doorDon't keep her on the doorstep outside the door, Jamie, invite her in.14effectivelyadvɪˈfektɪvliin a way that is successful and achieves what you wantThe tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them.14emotionnɪˈməʊʃəna strong feeling such as love or anger, or strong feelings in generalLike a lot of men, he finds it hard to express his emotions.14epicnˈepɪka film, poem or book which is long and contains a lot of action, usually dealing with a historical subjectSchindler's List' was an epic.14factualadjˈfæktʃuəlusing or consisting of factsShe gave a clear, factual account of the attack.14fall about laughingphrasefɔːl əˈbaʊt lɑːfɪŋto laugh uncontrollablyWe fell about when we heard her reply.14farawayadjˌfɑːrəˈweɪa long way awayThey travelled to faraway lands/places.14feel-goodadjˈfiːlɡʊdcausing happy and positive feelings about lifea feelgood movie14flatmatenˈflætmeɪta person who shares an apartment with another personI need to find a flatmate to help me pay the rent.14furryadjˈfɜːricovered with fursmall furry animals14get onphrasal vɡet ɒnIf two or more people get on they like each other and are friendly to each otherAlthough they are brothers, they've never really got on.14goersuffixˈɡəʊəʳa person who goes to the stated type of placeRestaurant-goers ought to complain more about bad food and service.14grinnɡrɪna wide smileI assumed things had gone well for him as he had a big grin on his face.14high-poweredadjˌhaɪˈpaʊəd(of people) very successful or having a very important jobPeople in high-powered jobs don't usually have much free time.14impressvɪmˈpresto cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have done or saidI remember when I was a child being very impressed with how many toys she had.14in order (for sb/sth) tophraseɪn ˈɔːdəʳ tuwith the aim of achieving somethingIn order to pass her exams with top marks she stopped going out during the week.14increasinglyadvɪnˈkriːsɪŋlimore and moreto be increasingly important/common14inhabitvɪnˈhæbɪtto live in a placeThese remote islands are inhabited only by birds.14innocencenˈɪnəsəntswhen someone is not guilty of a crime, or does not have much experience of life and does not know about the bad things that happen in lifeShe pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her.14insecuritynˌɪnsɪˈkjʊərətiwhen you have little confidence and are not certain about your abilities and about whether other people really like youa sense/feeling of insecurity14intentionnɪnˈtentʃənsomething that you want and plan to doIt wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot her.14interviewvˈɪntəvjuːto ask someone questions in an interviewWe've had 200 applicants for the job, but we only plan to interview about 20 of them.14lie downphrasal vlaɪ daʊnto move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or restHe lay down and went to sleep.14lighten upphrasal vˈlaɪtən ʌp(informal) to become more relaxed and less seriousI wish she'd lighten up a bit.14magnetnˈmæɡnətan object that is able both to attract iron and steel objects and also push them awayI bought some new fridge magnets.14malarianməˈleəriəa disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquitoa small flying insect which causes periods of fever and makes you feel very cold and shake. It is common in many hotter parts of the world.She caught malaria when she was in Africa and was very ill for a while.14maximnˈmæksɪma short statement of a general truth, principle or rule for behaviourActions speak louder than words' is a maxim.14motivatevˈməʊtɪveɪtto cause someone to behave in a particular wayLike so many people, he's motivated by greed.14mottonˈmɒtəʊa short sentence or phrase that expresses a belief or purposeHer motto is 'Work hard, play hard'.14movienˈmuːvia cinema filmMy favourite movie is 'Casablanca'.14nagvnæɡto criticise or complain often in an annoying wayMy mum's always nagging me to get my hair cut.14nailnneɪla thin hard area that covers the upper side of the end of each finger and each toeStop biting your nails!14nostalgiannɒsˈtældʒəa feeling of pleasure and sometimes slight sadness at the same time as you think about things that happened in the pastSome people feel nostalgia for their schooldays.14not botheredphrasenɒt ˈbɒðəd(informal) If you are not bothered about something, it is not important to you or does not worry youHe's not bothered that he failed the exam. He's got no ambition.14on the edge of your seatidiomɒn ði edʒ ɒv jɔːʳ siːtvery nervous and anxiousThe thriller had us on the edge of our seats.14out of your depthphraseaʊt ɒv jɔːʳ depθnot having the knowledge, experience, or skills to deal with a particular subject or situationI was out of my depth in the advanced class,so I moved down to the intermediate class.14overdueadjˌəʊvəˈdʒuːnot done or happening when expected or when needed; lateMy library books are a week overdue.14passionateadjˈpæʃənəthaving very strong feelings or emotionsa passionate speech14pioneeringadjˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋusing ideas and methods that have never been used beforepioneering techniques14plenty morephraseˈplenti mɔːʳa lot moreThere is plenty more dessert if anyone want some.14prescribevprɪˈskraɪb(of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone should haveThe drug is often prescribed for ulcers.14psychologicaladjˌsaɪkəlˈɒdʒɪkəldescribes a film or book in which there is a lot of attention given to the way people influence each other's behaviourLet's go see the psychological thriller.14psychotherapistnˌsaɪkəʊˈθerəpɪstsomeone who treats mental illness by discussing the problems which caused it with the sufferer, instead of using drugs or operationsHe sees a psychotherapist twice a week.14rehearsalnrɪˈhɜːsəla time when all the people involved in a play, dance, etc. practise in order to prepare for a performanceThey didn't have time for (a) rehearsal before the performance.14relate to sthphrasal vrɪˈleɪt tuto understand a situation or someone's feelings because you have experienced a similar situation or similar feelingsMany parents find it hard to relate to their children.14releasevrɪˈliːsto give freedom or free movement to someone or somethingHe was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence.14respondvrɪˈspɒndto say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or doneTo every question, he responded 'I don't know.'14ring a bellphraserɪŋ ə belto sound familiarHer name rings a bell.14rock 'n'rollnˌrɒk ənd ˈrəʊla style of popular dance music that began in the 1950s in the United States and has a strong loud beat and simple repeated tunesElvis Presely was the king of rock 'n' roll.14sightnsaɪtthe ability to seeIf your sight is poor, you should not drive a car.14so as tophrasesəʊ əz tuwith the aim of achieving somethingWe left early so as to be home in time for our favourite soap opera to start.14substitute teachernˈsʌbstɪtʃuːt ˈtiːtʃəʳa teacher who replaces teachers who are absent from workWhile our teacher was in hospital we had a substitute teacher, who was very nice.14suspensensəˈspentsthe feeling of excitement or nervousness which you have when you are waiting for something to happen and are uncertain about what it is going to beShe kept him in suspense for several days before she said that she would marry him.14synopsisnsɪˈnɒpsɪsa short description of the contents of something such as a film or bookCould you write a brief synopsis of the film?14teamworknˈtiːmwɜːkwhen a group of people work well togetherBrilliant teamwork and old fashioned grit got the team a last minute point.14therapistnˈθerəpɪstsomeone whose job is to treat a particular type of mental or physical illness or disability, usually with a specific type of therapya speech therapist14thirtiesplural nˈθɜːtizA person's thirties are the period in which they are aged between 30 and 39My brother is in his thirties.14thrillernθrɪləʳa book, play or film which has an exciting story, often about solving a crimeIt's described here as a taut, psychological thriller.14unattractiveadjˌʌnəˈtræktɪvunpleasant to look atThis is modern architecture at its most unattractive.14unlockvʌnˈlɒkto make more activeThat book unlocked emotions in me that had been long hidden.14varietynvəˈraɪətimany different types of things or peopleShe does a variety of fitness activities.14weddingnˈwedɪŋa marriage ceremony and any celebrations such as a meal or a party which follow ita wedding cake / dress / invitation / present / reception14weeklyadjˈwiːklihappening once a week or every weeka weekly magazine/report14worldnwɜːlda group of things such as countries or animals, or an area of human activity or understandingthe Muslim World14yawnvjɔːnto open the mouth wide and take a lot of air into the lungs and slowly send it out, usually when tired or boredI can't stop yawning - I must be tired.Welcomeassignvəˈsaɪnto give a particular job or piece of work to someoneI was assigned the task of planning the fair.Welcomeat riskadvət rɪskin a dangerous situationAll the houses within 100 metres of the sea are at risk of flooding.Welcomebear a grudgephrasebeəʳ ə ɡrʌdʒto have a strong feeling of anger and dislike for a person who you feel has treated you badly, which often lasts for a long timeHe still bears a grudge against me for not lending him the money.Welcomebite sb's head offphrasebaɪt hed ɒfto speak to someone in a quick angry way, for no good reasonI only asked what was wrong - there's no need to bite my head off!Welcomecrime figuresplural nkraɪm ˈfɪɡəzhow much crime has been committed at a certain timeThe crime figures have gone down enormously since the new superintendant started.Welcomedeprivedadjdɪˈpraɪvdnot having the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or good living conditionsYou can't function properly when you are deprived of sleep.Welcomediagnose sb with sthphrasal vˈdaɪəɡnəʊz wɪðto recognise and name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining itShe was diagnosed with diabetes.Welcomedyslexicadjdɪˈsleksɪka dyslexic person has difficulty with reading and writing, caused by the brain's being unable to see the difference between some letter shapesShe doesn't really like reading because she's dyslexic.Welcomegangnɡæŋa group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badlyFights among rival gangs account for most murders in the city.Welcomeget in troublephraseɡet ɪn ˈtrʌbəlto be in a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badlyYou'll get into trouble if you carry on telling lies.Welcomeget used tophraseɡet juːzd tuto become familiar with something or someoneAfter moving to the UK it took some time for me to get used to the climate.Welcomeinner-cityadjˈɪnəˌsɪtiof the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad housesThe restaurant is in an inner-city area.Welcomekeep your coolphrasekiːp jɔːʳ kuːl(informal) to stay calm and not become angry or excitedHe always keps his cool in any situation.Welcomemake fun of sbphrasemeɪk fʌn ɒvto make a joke about someone or something in a way that is not kindThey made fun of him because he had ginger hair.Welcomementornˈmentɔːʳa person who gives another person help and advice over a period of time and often also teaches them how to do their jobHe was my mentor all through college.Welcomemess with sthphrasemes wɪðto try to change or repair something, but not carefully and usually without successI wouldn't mess with that if I were you.Welcomemotivatedadjˈməʊtɪveɪtɪdwanting to do wellOur staff are hard working and highly motivated.Welcomemotor adjˈməʊtəʳrelating to muscles that produce movement, or the nerves and parts of the brain that control these musclesHe has a lot of problems with his motor skills.Welcomemountain bikenˈmaʊntɪn baɪka bicycle with thick tyres and a lot of gears, originally made for riding on hills and rough ground, but now often used on roadsI like going out riding on my mountain bike at the weekends.Welcomenew-foundadjˌnjuːˈfaʊnda new-found quality or ability has started recentlyThis success is a reflection of their new-found confidence.Welcomenight schoolnnaɪt skuːla series of classes held in the evening, often in a school, especially for adults who work during the dayShe went to night school to study Italian.Welcomepeer pressurenpɪəʳ ˈpreʃəʳthe strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everyone else doesThere is tremendous peer pressure to wear fashionable clothes.Welcomerole modelnrəʊl ˈmɒdəla person who someone admires and whose behaviour they try to copySports stars are roll models for thousands of youngsters.Welcomescannskæna medical examination in which an image of the inside of the body is made using a special machineHe had a brain scan because of the terrible headaches he'd been getting.Welcomeserialnˈsɪəriəla story on television or radio or in a newspaper, etc. which is broadcast or printed in separate partsI'm watching a really good serial on TV at the moment. I mustn't miss tonight's episode.Welcomesocial skillnˈsəʊʃəl skɪlthe ability to connect with other peopleHis social skills aren't very good so he hasn't got many friends.Welcomeweirdadjwɪədvery strange and unusual, unexpected or not naturalHer boyfriend's a bit weird but she's alright.