【No.31】
Who Was Nelson Mandela?
誰是納爾遜·曼德拉？
In the heart of Thembuland, in South Africa, was a grand house. The local people called it "the Great Place." Here lived Jongintaba, who ruled as king. The Great Place was his royal home.
從前，在南非泰姆布蘭德的中心有一棟宏偉的房子，當地人稱之為「大王宮」，裡面住著瓊金塔巴，他是統治這裡的國王，大王宮是他的王室居所。
via The Guardian
On this day in 1927, Jongintaba was holding a tribal meeting. The men talked about important matters. Also in the room was a young boy who had come to live at the Great Place only a short time before. He was nine years old. After the boy's own father died, the king had adopted him.
1927年的一天，瓊金塔巴正在主持一場部落會議，與會的人們在商討要事。屋子裡還有一個少年，他前不久才住進大王宮，只有九歲大。他的父親去世後，國王就收養了他。South of Africa is a country at the bottom tip of the African continent. It is almost twice the size of Texas. Once black kings had ruled South Africa. Then white settlers came from Europe. They grabbed land for themselves and took control of the country. By the late 1800s, black South Africans had no voice in the government.
南非位於非洲大陸最南端，面積幾乎是德克薩斯州的兩倍。曾經，統治南非的是黑人國王。後來，歐洲白人殖民者來到這裡，搶奪土地據為己有，統治了這個國家。一直到19世紀末，南非黑人在政府已經喪失了話語權。
via iStock
By the time the boy came to live with his new foster father, there were about six million people in South Africa--and about four million were black. And yet they weren't truly citizens of their own country. They couldn't vote. They could only live where the government allowed them to live. Even kings like Jongintaba had no real power.
少年開始跟養父一起生活，那時南非大約有六百萬人口——其中約有四百萬是黑人。可是，他們卻不算是自己國家的真正公民。他們不能投票，只能在政府規定的地方生活。即使是像瓊金塔巴這樣的國王，也沒有實權。
As the nine-year-old watched his foster father's meeting, he dreamed of a different South Africa, one where people of all colors had a voice. Where everyone was free and equal. When he grew up he hoped to make that happen.
這個九歲的男孩一邊旁觀養父開會，一邊夢想著一個不一樣的南非：一個所有膚色的人們都擁有話語權、人人自由平等的國家。他希望自己長大後，能夠實現這個夢想。
via To Kill a Mockingbird
The boy's name was Nelson Mandela. One day he would change South Africa. One day he would change the world.
男孩的名字叫納爾遜·曼德拉。有朝一日，他將改變南非，改變世界。
Chapter 3 Apartheid
第三章 種族隔離法
Most white people in South Africa were descended from either British or Dutch settlers. The Dutch South Africans were called Afrikaners. They formed their own political party, the National Party, also called "the Nats." 大多數南非白人是英國或荷蘭定居者的後代。荷裔南非人被稱作阿非利坎人；他們創建了自己的政黨——國民黨，亦稱「奈茨」。In 1948, when Nelson was twenty-nine years old, the Nats won control of the government by a slim margin.1948年，納爾遜年滿二十九歲，奈茨黨以微弱優勢贏得了國家統治權。▲ 1948年5月28日，NP黨贏得南非大選，承諾推行種族隔離法The Nats believed black people were inferior to whites. Most black South Africans lived outside city borders in neighborhoods called townships.
奈茨黨派認為，黑種人比白種人低賤。大部分南非黑人住在城市邊緣，一個叫做黑人城鎮的地方。
The townships were crowded. The houses were often simple shacks with no electricity or indoor plumbing. Black workers left the townships to work for white people in the city during the day, and then were forced to return to the townships at night.
小鎮裡十分擁擠，房子大都是沒有通電、也沒有自來水管的簡陋棚屋。黑人工人白天離開小鎮，去城裡給白人打工，到晚上又被強行趕回小鎮。
via History.com
When Nelson Mandela and his friends learned that the Nats had won the election, they were stunned. For years the Nats had preached about the "swart gevaar," or "black danger," and white superiority. Nelson realized he could never work within the government as he had hoped.
當納爾遜·曼德拉和朋友們得知奈茨黨贏得競選的消息後，他們驚愕不已。多年以來，奈茨黨一直宣揚「黑人危險」、白人至上。納爾遜意識到，他永遠無法像自己希望的那樣在政府裡工作了。
He and the rest of the Youth League would have to fight back through protests and acts of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience means peacefully breaking laws to show that the laws are unfair. In 1950 the white government made all protests, peaceful or not, illegal.
他和其他青年聯盟的成員決定要採取抗議和非暴力反抗的方式進行回擊。非暴力反抗，是指以和平的方式違反法律，以昭示法律的不公。1950年，白人政府認定所有的抗議為非法，無論和平與否。
Nelson was becoming known as a protest leader—in other words, a troublemaker. He was living up to the name he'd been born with, Tree Shaker. He and Oliver Tambo, whom he had first met at Fort Hare, opened a black law firm—the first in Johannesburg—and they represented poor black defendants in court.
納爾遜日漸以抗議領袖而聞名——換言之，就是個惹事精。他沒有辜負自己出生時的名字——搗蛋鬼。他與在海爾堡大學認識的奧利弗·坦波一起，開辦了約翰尼斯堡的第一家黑人律師事務所，代表窮困的黑人被告出庭辯護。via TimeToast
Their clients were accused of all sorts of crimes. It was a crime to walk through a door marked for white people. It was a crime to be unemployed and a crime to be employed at wrong place.
他們的客戶被指控犯有各種罪行：進了白人專用的門是犯罪；不工作是犯罪，在錯誤的地方工作也是犯罪。Nelson also represented people who had been evicted from their homes because their neighborhoods had been declared white areas.
納爾遜還代表那些因為自家街區被宣布為白人區而被趕出家門的人。via History.com
Nelson was a powerful figure in the courtroom, arguing for civil rights. He had a natural authority. But as he spent more and more time fighting for his clients, he saw less and less of his family.
納爾遜在法庭上威嚴強勢，堅持為人權而辯護。他有一種與生俱來的權威感。但他花在自己客戶身上的時間越多，與家人見面的次數就越少。When he came to the hospital to see his newborn son, Makgatho, his five-year-old son, Thembi, asked, "Where does Daddy live?"
他去醫院探望自己剛出生的兒子馬克賈託時，五歲的大兒子桑貝問道：「爹地住在哪裡？」
Segregation in the United States
美國的種族隔離
Jim Crow Laws were enforced in much of the American south from 1877 to the mid-1960s. These local and state laws kept black people and white people separate. In many ways, these laws were not so different from apartheid.從1877年到20世紀60年代中期，美國南方大部分地區都在實行吉姆·克勞法。這些地方和州級法律，將黑人和白人隔離開來。這些法律在許多方面與種族隔離法並沒有什麼不同。Under Jim Crow Laws, black Americans could not sit on benches reserved for white people, attend white schools, or even drink from white water fountains. Also, black people were expected to act a certain way around white people.吉姆·克勞法規定，美國黑人不能坐白人專用的長凳，不能在白人學校上學，甚至不能用白人的水龍頭接水喝。此外，黑人還被要求以特定的行為方式對待白人。
via All That's Interesting
A black person was forbidden from shaking hands with a white person. Black people had to address whites formally, either "Mister" and "Miss" or "Sir" and "Ma'am," while white people called blacks only by their first names. On the road, white drivers even had the right-of-way at all intersections!黑人被禁止與白人握手；必須正式稱呼白人為「先生」和「小姐」，或是「閣下」和「夫人」。而白人卻可以對黑人直呼其名。甚至在過馬路時，白人司機在所有路口都有優先通行權！Who Was / Is 世界名人系列插畫本，內容淺顯易懂、風趣幽默，配有人物相關事物的小百科；適合隨身閱讀。往期內容合集，請前往菜單欄，點擊「Who系列」即可閱讀。歡迎在下方評論區留言分享，成為精選留言的小夥伴，將有機會獲得精美明信片/真皮書籤/英文書（看小編心情隨機送）編輯丨辛巴
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