你好哇！
謝謝你來看我！
這裡是外刊泛讀欄目
泛讀採取的排版是「原文+譯文+標紅生詞&重點詞」
主要目的是社會科普，拓展世界視野
希望本欄目能對你有所幫助
那麼，我們就開始一起學習（吃瓜）吧！
1月18日，張恆發文稱因照顧「兩個年幼無辜的生命」滯留美國，後被網友扒出這兩個孩子是鄭爽與張恆在美國代孕所生。
看到這裡，大家有沒有覺得毛骨悚然呢？
此次熱搜，不僅僅是一次「明星醜聞」，更是一次具有極大社會影響性的「法與道德探討」
那麼，代孕在我國究竟是否合法？
先來看看Chinanews的一則報導
Lawyer's interpretation: Is surrogacy illegal? Does surrogacy and abandonment constitute a crime?
律師的解釋：代孕違法嗎？代孕和棄養是犯罪嗎？
[Explanation] Recently, news of a well-known actress suspected of surrogacy rushed into hot searches, and the topic of surrogacy became the focus of discussion again.
Is surrogacy legal?
Does surrogacy and abandonment constitute a crime?
What are the hidden dangers and legal risks of surrogacy abroad?
In response to these issues, the reporter interviewed Guo Xiaoming, a lawyer from Sichuan Juheng Law Firm and a well-known legal blogger.
【解說】近日，某知名女星疑似代孕的消息衝上熱搜，代孕話題再次成為人們討論的焦點。代孕合法嗎？代孕棄養是否構成犯罪？在國外代孕有怎樣的隱患和法律風險？針對這些問題，記者採訪了四川矩衡律師事務所律師、知名法律博主郭小明。
Surrogacy is illegal in our country. The "Administrative Measures on Human Assisted Reproductive Technology" clearly stipulates that the sale of gametes, zygotes and embryos in any form is prohibited. Medical institutions and medical staff shall not implement any form of surrogacy technology.
代孕在我們國家是不合法的，《人類輔助生殖技術管理辦法》明確規定，禁止以任何形式買賣配子、合子、胚胎。醫療機構和醫務人員不得實施任何形式的代孕技術。
The legal responsibility for illegal surrogacy in the "Administrative Measures for Human Assisted Reproductive Technology" is a warning, a fine of less than 30,000 yuan, and administrative sanctions to the responsible person, and the punishment is only for medical institutions.
《人類輔助生殖技術管理辦法》中對違法代孕的法律責任，是警告、3萬元以下罰款，並給予有關責任人行政處分，而且處罰的只是醫療機構。
For those who require surrogacy, there is no corresponding legal liability and no basis for punishment can be found. That is to say, in the current legal system, in the absence of other illegal or criminal acts, only medical institutions can be punished, not those who request surrogacy.
對於要求實施代孕的人，卻沒有規定相應的法律責任，找不到處罰的依據。也就是說，在現行的法律制度中，在沒有其他違法犯罪行為的情況下，只能處罰醫療機構，而不會處罰要求代孕的人。
Surrogacy may trigger some crimes, such as abandonment, illegal medical practice, etc. If the parents do not raise a child born by a surrogate, the crime may be suspected of abandonment in serious circumstances, and the maximum sentence can be 5 years.
代孕可能會引發一些犯罪，比如遺棄罪、非法行醫罪等。代孕出生的孩子，父母如果不撫養，情節嚴重的可能涉嫌遺棄罪，最高能判5年。
Therefore, in the domestic surrogacy, the individual's legal liability may be mainly related to the support of the child, including custody rights, civil legal issues of support, and criminal liability issues such as the crime of abandonment.
所以在國內代孕，個人可能涉及到的法律責任，主要是對孩子的撫養問題，包括撫養權、撫養費的民事法律問題和遺棄罪等刑事責任問題。
Different countries have different attitudes towards surrogacy. Although surrogacy is not legal in China, it is legal in some other countries, such as parts of the United States. In this case, the legal responsibilities should be distinguished according to the nationality of the child and his parents.
世界各國對待代孕的態度有所不同。代孕雖然在中國不合法，但在其他一些國家，比如美國的部分地區，是合法的。在這種情況下，要根據孩子及其父母的國籍來區分其應當承擔的法律責任。
If the child is of U.S. nationality, then the Chinese parent does not raise the child. Whether it constitutes abandonment or other illegal crimes depends on what the U.S. law provides; if the child is of Chinese nationality, the same Chinese parent does not raise the child. Chinese law can be applied.
如果孩子是美國國籍，那麼中國國籍的父母不撫養孩子，能否構成遺棄罪，或者其他違法犯罪，需要看美國的法律怎麼規定；如果孩子是中國國籍，同樣是中國國籍的父母不撫養孩子，就可以適用中國法律。
In reality, surrogacy also touches on the protection of women's rights. Guo Xiaoming said that with regard to surrogacy, it is necessary to protect the rights and interests of the infertile groups, but also to prevent ethical and legal issues. This tests legislative skills and human nature.
在現實中，代孕也觸及不少女性權益保護的問題。郭小明表示，關於代孕，既要保障不能生育的群體的權益，又要防範倫理和法律方面的問題，這考驗立法技術，更考驗人性。
接下來，讓我們聽聽國外的聲音
Gary Powell, a UK conservative political activist and longstandingadvocate for gay and lesbian equality, writes,
「As gay people, we cannot insist on the right to carry out practices that harm the rights of others. Rather than being an LGBT rights issue, surrogacy is a women’s rights issue and a children’s rights issue; and like the sale of human organs, it is not an activity that should be promoted or indeed permitted.」
英國保守派政治活動家、長期倡導男女同性戀平等的蓋瑞·鮑威爾寫道:「作為同性戀者，我們不能實施損害他人權利的權利。代孕不是男女同性戀、雙性戀和變性者的權利問題，而是婦女權利問題和兒童權利問題；和人體器官的出售一樣，這也不是一項應該提倡或允許的活動。」
Anna Kerr, founder and Principal Solicitor of Feminist Legal Clinic Inc., Sydney, AU addresses the heart of the issue in regard to how much a of choice surrogacy is for the surrogates:
「… how often are these 『choices』 being made under financial duress or in a context of social coercion? … Can we assume that women are truly acting of their own volition when in many cases their lives are so susceptibleto the control of others? Or should we be skeptical of claims of 『free choice』 and 『consent』 in contexts that so clearly … smack of abuse and shameless exploitation?」
非盟雪梨女權法律診所有限公司的創始人和首席律師安娜·克爾談到了代孕者選擇代孕的核心問題: 「……這些「選擇」是在經濟壓力下還是在社會壓力下做出的？……在許多情況下，女性的生活很容易受到他人的控制，我們能假設她們真的是在按照自己的意志行事嗎？或者我們應該懷疑在如此明顯地…帶有虐待和無恥剝削味道的環境中的『自由選擇』和『同意』的主張嗎？」
India, once the go-toepicenter for commercial surrogate births, was forced to ban international surrogacy in 2018 as a result of a multiple concerns, according to the website Surrogate.com, including:
…unethical treatment, poor living conditions and exploitation. To keep up with demand from international intended parents, Indian surrogacy agencies effectively ran 『baby factories,』 where Indian women were forced to live until they gave birth to the intended parents』 babies — with usually no assistance for the family they had left behind while pregnant.
據surrogate網站報導，一度是商業代孕中心的印度，在2018年被迫禁止國際代孕，原因有很多，包括:…不道德的待遇、惡劣的生活條件和剝削。為了跟上來自各國的代孕父母的需求，印度代孕機構實際上經營著「嬰兒工廠」，在那裡，印度婦女被迫生活，直到她們生下代孕父母的嬰兒——通常不會對她們懷孕期間離開的家庭給予援助。
In addition, the surrogates in India only received a fraction of the expenses that intended parents paid the surrogacy agency — only $4,000 to $5,000 for compensation. With agencies charging more than double that in total, surrogates were commonly exploited . . .
此外，印度的代孕者只收到了代孕父母支付給代孕機構的費用的一小部分——只有4000到5000美元的補償。由於代理機構收取的費用是總數的兩倍以上，代理人通常會被剝削。
Charis M. Thompson, London School of Economics, writes:「The level of social, political, and economic disenfranchisement of the reproductive labourer is taken to be an indicator of the level of exploitation involved.」
倫敦經濟學院的查裡斯·M·湯普森寫道：「生殖勞動者被剝奪社會、政治和經濟權利的程度被認為是所涉剝削程度的一個指標。」
One young man, conceived via traditional surrogacy, expresses very poignantly how he feels about it:
「How do you think we feel about being created specifically to be given away? … I don’t care why my parents or my mother did this. It looks to me like I was bought and sold. You can dress it up with as many pretty words as you want. You can wrap it up in a silk freaking scarf. You can pretend these are not your children. But the fact is that someone has contracted you to make a child, give up your parental rights and hand over your flesh and blood child. I don’t care if you think I am not your child, what about what I think! . . . When you exchange something for money it is called a commodity. Babies are not commodities. Babies are human beings. How do you think this makes us feel to know that there was money exchanged for us?」
一個通過傳統代孕方式懷孕的年輕人非常深刻地表達了他對此的感受:「你覺得我們被創造出來是為了送人的感覺如何？……我不管我爸媽或者我媽為什麼這麼做。在我看來，我是被買賣的。你可以想用多少漂亮的詞就用多少。你可以用絲綢圍巾把它包起來。你可以假裝這些不是你的孩子。但事實是有人和你籤合同讓你生孩子，讓你放棄親權，讓你交出你有血有肉的孩子。我不管你覺得我不是你的孩子，我怎麼想呢！。。。當你用某物換錢時，它被稱為商品。嬰兒不是商品。嬰兒是人。你覺得讓我們知道有人用錢換了我們會是什麼感受？」
——Mirah Riben
Why is Surrogacy Illegal in Most of the World?
dissidentvoice.org
The United States Surrogacy Law Map
美國代孕法地圖
詳情可移步網站
https://www.creativefamilyconnections.com/us-surrogacy-law-map/
以華盛頓為例
Do courts grant pre-birth parentage orders?
法院會批准出生前親子關係令嗎？
Yes, pre-birth parentage orders are available in gestational surrogacy cases under Washington’s new statute.
是的，根據華盛頓的新法規，在妊娠代孕案例中可以獲得出生前親子關係令。
Can both Intended Parents be declared the legal parents in a pre-birth order if at least one parent is genetically related to the child?
如果父母中至少有一方與孩子有遺傳關係，是否可以在預產期宣布雙方為合法父母？
Married heterosexual couple using own egg and own sperm: Yes*
已婚異性夫婦使用自己的卵子和精子:可以*
Married heterosexual couple using an egg donor or sperm donor: Yes*
已婚異性夫婦使用捐贈者的卵子或者精子:可以*
Unmarried heterosexual couple using own egg and own sperm: Yes*
未婚異性夫婦使用自己的卵子和精子:可以*
Unmarried heterosexual couple using an egg donor or sperm donor: Yes*
未婚異性夫婦使用捐贈者的卵子或者精子:可以*
Married same-sex couple using an egg donor or sperm donor: Yes*
已婚同性夫婦使用捐贈者的卵子或者精子:可以*
Unmarried same-sex couple using an egg donor or sperm donor: Yes*
未婚異性夫婦使用捐贈者的卵子或者精子:可以*
Single parent using own egg or sperm: Yes*
單身父母使用自己的卵子和精子:可以*
此外，代孕法對代孕者、代孕機構、委託代孕的父母規定了許多要求和條件
*The statute includes specific requirements for a gestational surrogacy agreement to be entitled to enforcement, including but not limited to: GC must have had a prior pregnancy resulting in the birth of a child but no more than 2 prior surrogacies; GC and IPs must all be at least 21 years old, undergo medical and mental health screening , and have independent legal representation of their choice. If a gestational surrogacy agreement does not comply with these requirements, the court may still enforce the parties』 intent and enter orders regarding the parties』 rights and responsibilities.
*該法規包括妊娠代孕協議有權執行的具體要求，包括但不限於:代孕者必須有過導致分娩的妊娠史，但不得超過2次代孕；代孕者和母親必須年滿21歲，接受醫療和心理健康篩查，並有自己選擇的獨立法律代表。如果妊娠代孕協議不符合這些要求，法院仍然可以強制執行雙方的意圖，並就雙方的權利和責任下達命令。
Genetic surrogacy (traditional surrogacy) agreements must be validated by the court prior to the commencement of the assisted reproduction. The statute also includes specific requirements for genetic surrogacy agreements.
基因代孕(傳統代孕)協議必須在輔助生殖開始之前由法院確認。該法規還包括基因代孕協議的具體要求。
Also, with respect to any surrogate who resides within the state or has medical procedures within the state, a surrogacy 「broker」 (an entity who facilitates or is involved in transactions related to the surrogacy agreement) must keep all IP funds in a separate, licensed escrow account; may not be owned or managed, even in part or indirectly, by a lawyer representing any party to the GC agreement or by a health care provider involved in the assisted reproduction; and may not receive any payment, directly or indirectly, from any person licensed to practice law or from any medical provider, in connection with the referral of a party to the surrogacy agreement .
此外，對於居住在本州或在本州進行醫療程序的任何代理人，代孕「經紀人」(促進或參與代孕協議相關交易的實體)必須將所有智慧財產權資金保存在單獨的許可託管帳戶中；不得由代表代孕者協議任何一方的律師或參與輔助生殖的醫療保健提供者擁有或管理，即使是部分或間接擁有或管理；不得直接或間接從任何獲得執業許可的人或任何醫療服務提供者處獲得與委託代孕協議一方相關的任何報酬。
關於代孕的外國網站
https://surrogate.com
https://www.nbsurrogacy.com/
其中有一欄「成為代孕者的好處」，鼓吹代孕好處的宣傳語，在我看來荒謬至極（疑似洗腦言論），感興趣的小夥伴可以點進網站理性地品一品。
你好哇，我是貓叉
此次吃瓜，讓我第一次較為深入地去了解代孕的法律與倫理道德，也造就了這篇推送，想把搜集到的信息與大家分享，希望更多的人能夠看到。
希望鄭爽女士能以一己之力推動中國代孕入刑的立法進程，此次風波必將載入史冊。
（本來想寫更多的，但是怕被打還是溜了溜了）
那麼，下次再見咯