近期頂流女星「代孕」風波一直掛在微博熱搜上，許多網友紛紛斥責該女性「絕情」「無人道」「虐待生命」等。代孕產業鏈自很多年前就一直盛行，甚至「印度」還將它合法化過；而在中國，代孕從未合法化，但也沒有具體的法律條文明確規定代孕的懲戒。這其中最受傷害的莫過於被「大人」轉來轉去的嬰兒。
本篇文章源自英國《泰晤士報》，簡明扼要的介紹了代孕和印度商業代孕的事實……
備註：紅色加粗 的單詞是考研詞彙，括號備註的單詞無需掌握。
關於排版，中文翻譯放在原文後面，輔助沒有理解大意的同學先了解本段的主旨；接著是核心詞語和短語表達講解，其中的英文解釋來自牛津詞典，幫助大家更地道地理解詞彙的本意，並另外舉例，幫助大家進一步理解和掌握；長難句和寫作積累是在掌握詞彙的基礎上去精進自己的能力；最後我們需要了解文化背景，才能學習更深入和透徹。
Surrogacy Ethics
《THE TIMES》泰晤士報
Surrogacy, whether commercial or not-for-profit, is a hazardous undertaking for both the surrogate and commissioning couple. The interests of the child should indeed be paramount, but it can be difficult to determine, when things go wrong, who would best meet them. Not all surrogate mothers view the baby they have given birth to as 「an object to be kept or given away.」 They may have bonded intensely with the baby and may be traumatized by the thought of handing her or him over to others.
代孕，無論是盈利性還是非盈利性，對於代孕夫婦和代孕媽媽來說都是一項危險的工作。兒童的利益確實是至高無上的，但是當出現一些問題時，很難確定誰才能實現他們的利益。並非所有的代孕母親都將他們生下的嬰兒視為「被保留或遺棄的對象」。他們可能與嬰兒緊密地結合在一起，並且他們可能因將嬰兒交給代孕夫婦的想法而受到精神創傷。
🚩詞彙精講：
1.surrogacy
n. 代孕
the practice of giving birth to a baby for another woman who is unable to have babies herself
eg:Hong Kong’s surrogacy law seems strict in the light of the atmosphere of the time.
香港在有關代母產子的規定，與時代氛圍比較，顯得相當嚴苛
2.hazardous
a.危害的，有害的
involing risk or danger,especially to sb.’s health or safety
eg:The report calls for a ban on the import of hazardous waste.
這篇報導呼籲禁止危險廢棄物的進口
3.commission
v.正式委託
to officially ask sb.to write,make or create sth.or to do a task for you
eg:He was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Air Force.
他被任命為空軍少尉
4.paramount
a.至為重要的，首要的，至尊的
more important than anything else
eg:Safety is paramount.
安全至上
5.surrogate mothers
代孕母親
6.traumatize
v.使受精神創傷
to shock and upset sb.very much,often making them unable to think or work normally
eg:Like I haven’t been traumatized enough today.
好像我今天我經歷的痛苦還不夠
It can be difficult to see who is less fit to be a loving parent: the surrogate who refuses to hand over a child she promised to have for another couple or a couple who reject a commissioned child because it is disabled. The child is after all no less genetically theirs. No surrogacy law can completely get around all the harmful permutations resulting from（4個知識點） human selfishness.
很難清楚作為一個有愛心的父母來說，誰更不稱職：是拒絕將她答應要生的孩子交給委託夫婦的代孕媽媽，還是一對因孩子殘疾而拒絕撫養的委託夫婦。但畢竟，孩子會遺傳他們夫婦的基因。沒有代孕法律可以完全繞開因人類的自私而產生的所有有害置換。
1.hand over
轉交，移交
When you hand over someone such as a prisoner to someone else,you give the control of and responsibility for them to that other person(源自《柯林斯詞典》)
eg: It was time to hand over the reins of power.
是該讓權的時候了
2.permutation
n.排列（方式）；置換
any of the different ways in which a set of things can be ordered(源自《牛津詞典》)
eg: This paper gives the concept and property of permutation representation.
這篇論文給出了置換表示的概念及性質
3.result from
由於
#拓展
result in 導致
as a result 因此
as a result of 由於，作為…的結果
It can be difficult to see who is less fit to be a loving parent: the surrogate who refuses to hand over a child she promised to have for another couple or a couple who reject a commissioned child because it is disabled.
很難清楚作為一個有愛心的父母來說，誰更不稱職：是拒絕將她答應要生的孩子交給委託夫婦的代孕媽媽，還是一對因孩子殘疾而拒絕撫養的委託夫婦。
1.這裡來複習一個語法點：如何區分形式主語和強調句？
It is……(that) to do sth.
中間的……如果是adj., 那麼It是形式主語，……後面是真實主語
中間的……如果是除adj.以外的詞，那麼It是強調句，……後面是被強調的內容
2.省略形式的賓語從句、定語從句如何區分？
省略形式的賓語從句
n. v. (that) n. v.
省略形式的定語從句
n. (that) n. v.
India wants to ban wannabe parents paying surrogate mothers. India is a top destination for foreign medical tourists seeking surrogates -- often at very cheap prices. According to Swaraj, there are more than 2,000 fertility clinics currently operating in the country.
印度希望杜絕代孕現象。印度是外國遊客代孕旅遊首選目的地——因為價格十分便宜。根據Swaraj所說，該國目前有2000多個生育診所。
1.wannabe
n.（名人的）崇拜模仿者
a person who behaves,dresses,etc.like sb.famous because they want to be like them
（源自《牛津詞典》）
eg:You another young wannabe fighter,come a dime a dozen.
你只是一個不起眼的小拳手
2.fertility
n.能生育性；豐富；可繁殖性
the state of being fertile（源自《牛津詞典》）
eg:The women were given fertility drugs to stimulate the ovaries.
那些婦女得到了促進卵巢功能的生育藥
背景知識：
印度商業代孕：商業代孕在一些歐洲國家是被明令禁止的，在美國也受到各個州不同法律的牽制，卻在印度於2002年合法化，2015年印度禁止商業代孕時，印度的代孕產業規模換算成人民幣大概在每年28億，80%以上的客戶來自國外。2002~2015年間，印度一度是全世界最受歡迎的「代孕旅遊目的地」。
Critics say Indian women hired as surrogates are frequently abused, and they describe disreputable clinics as "rent-a-womb" operations. Last year, lawyer Jayashree Wad asked India's Supreme Court to ban commercial surrogacy, saying the practice amounts to 「exploitation of women for commercial gains.」
評論家說，被僱傭為代孕的婦女經常受到虐待，他們將信譽不假的診所描述為「出租子宮」手術。去年，律師賈亞什裡瓦德，要求印度最高法院禁止商業代孕，稱這種做法等於「為了商業利益而剝削婦女」（物化女性）
1.disreputable
a.名聲不好的，不名譽的
that people consider to be dishonest and bad（源自《牛津詞典》）
eg: I』ve been accused of using disreputable methods to get what I want.
我被指控採取不正當的手段以謀取私利。
反義詞：respectable
a.體面的，得體的，值得尊敬的
n.（名人的）崇拜模仿者
#拓展
Supreme Court：最高法院
Local people’s court 地方人民法院
Higher People’s Court 高級人民法院
District people’s court 區人民法院
Intermediate people’s court 中級人民法院
Appeals court 上訴法院
"In the process of surrogate motherhood, a commercial element is introduced, and Indian women are exploited and substantial benefit is derived by doctors, hospitals and institutions involved in it," Wad told the court. According to medical journal The Lancet, having a child through surrogacy in India costs roughly $25,000, while the same service can cost up to 10 times as much in the United States.
Indian women hired as surrogate mothers are typically paid $5,000 to $7,000, while their counterparts in the U.S. command up to $25,000. Still, The Lancet notes that this is an "enormous sum" for poor Indian women who might make $300 in a typical year.
瓦德在法庭上說：「在代孕的過程中，引入了一種商業手段，印度婦女受到剝削，參與其中的醫生、醫院和機構也從中受益」。根據醫學雜誌《柳葉刀》的報導，如果通過代孕在印度生一個孩子， 費用大約為25000美元，而在美國，同樣的服務費用卻可能高達印度的10倍。
被僱傭為代孕母親的印度婦女通常收入在5000-7000美元之間，而在美國的婦女則高達25000美元。不過，《柳葉刀》雜誌指出，這對於印度貧困的婦女來說，也是一筆不小的數目，他們通常在一年中能賺到300美元。
1.be derived by
由…派生
eg:All association rules can be derived by covering the smallest association rule set.
所有的關聯規則都可以通過覆蓋最小的關聯規則集得
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