第二章 語法特訓之真題實戰
第一節 從句
一、定語從句
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導定語從句的關係代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose(of which),but(who/that…not),as等,關係副詞有when,where,why,how等。大多數定語從句都對所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制,去掉該從句後先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語從句的作用在於補充,翻譯時常常另起一個句子,與主句構成並列句。
(一)關係代詞引導的定語從句
1.關係代詞that引導的定語從句,that指人或指物,在從句中可以作主語、賓語。多數情況下,可與which互換。
【真題例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.(2001完形)
【結構分析】本句主幹為Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…;其中bill由that引導的定語從句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity…修飾,在從句中,that指代先行詞bill作主語。觀察連詞and,可確定此從句中並列兩個謂語will propose和will control。其中control的賓語the amount of publicity後又跟一個that引導的定語從句that can be given to a case before a trial begins,使用了被動語態,that指代先行詞publicity作主語。句首的介詞短語In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的狀語。
【參考譯文】為了有效地加強對新聞界的法律監控,大法官歐文勳爵將引入一項草案。這項草案將提出付款給證人是非法的,並且要嚴格控制審判前對案件的曝光。
【真題例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001閱讀1)
【結構分析】本句的主幹是一個完成時的主系表結構The overall result has been… for amateurs,表語由不定式短語to make…harder(使……更難)充當。名詞短語a result that…是主幹中主語result的同位語,作用是對其進行補充說明。在此名詞短語中,關係代詞that引導定語從句that has been reinforced by…修飾先行詞result,that在從句中代替result作主語,從句的謂語使用了被動語態。
【參考譯文】總體結果是,業餘人員在專業地質學刊物上發表論文更難了,這種結果又由於審稿的廣泛引入而變得更糟--19世紀由國家級雜誌評審, 20世紀由一些地方地質學雜誌評審。
【真題例句】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
【結構分析】本句為there be句型。主幹為There will be television chat shows…,and cars…其中shows後由過去分詞結構hosted by robots(作定語)修飾,cars後的介賓短語with pollution monitors作後置定語,該定語中monitors後跟一個that引導的定語從句that will disable them…,關係代詞that指代monitors在從句中作主語。句末的when they offend作從句中的時間狀語。
【參考譯文】未來將出現機器人主持的談話節目以及裝有汙染監控器的汽車,當汽車汙染超標時,監控器就會讓其停止。
【真題例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002閱讀2)
【結構分析】本句與上句同,主幹there be句型there are already robot systems…中,systems由that引導的定語從句that can perform…(直到句末)修飾,關係代詞that指代先行詞systems在從句中作主語。破折號之後的部分far greater precision than…是submillimeter accuracy的同位語,起補充說明作用,這裡使用了比較級。句首的And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics作全句的狀語。
【參考譯文】由於電子技術的不斷微型化和微型機械學的發展,已經出現了能夠完成某些腦部和骨科手術的機器人系統,其精確程度已達到亞毫米級,這一精確程度大大超出了技術嫻熟的醫生光憑雙手所能達到的水平。
【真題例句】For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.(2004完形)
【結構分析】本句主幹的結構為"主+謂+賓+賓補",即changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。主語changes後有兩個修飾語,其一是介詞短語in the economy作的後置定語,其二是that引導的定語從句that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general。該定語從句中,關係代詞指代先行詞changes作主語,謂語lead to有兩個賓語,分別為job opportunities 和 unemployment,由and並列。
【參考譯文】舉例來說,經濟改革導致了年輕人就業機會的減少和普遍上升的失業率,這些都使得有酬工作越來越難找。
注意:只能用that作為定語從句的關係代詞的情況:
(1)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which;
(2)不定代詞如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which;
(3) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that;
(4) 先行詞為序數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that;
(5) 先行詞既有人,又有物時。
【真題例句】To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."(2003閱讀2)
【結構分析】本句的直接引語中,主幹為一個主系表結構all is that…,其中主語all由that引導的定語從句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修飾,關係代詞that指代先行詞all在從句中作主語。表語由that引導的名詞性從句that good people do nothing充當。
【參考譯文】用18世紀政治家埃德蒙·柏克的話說:"一個被誤導的事業如果能成功,它唯一需要的就是好人無所作為"。
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