* 本文屬於《滿庭說英語》中《簡簡的語法》系列,每一篇都用短短的篇章精講英語語法中的各個要點和有意思的知識點。《滿庭說英語》的特點都是用英語來理解英語為主,適度輔以少量中文解說,幫助英語學習者建立英語思維、深入了解英語的內涵。
* 解析中英語單詞的音標使用Dictcom和IPA雙音標標註,如果需要了解Dictcom音標,請參看我們的《dictionary.com所用的音標體系》一文。
* 本篇文章難度係數5.8,由《小仙英語伴讀》人工智慧難度分析系統提供評分。
#英語語法#
【編者按】不定式(infinitive)是英語中動詞的一種特殊形態,我們一般的理解是:通過在動詞原型前加上「to」,將其轉換為具有名詞性特質的短語,但又保持了一些動詞的特性,例如可以加副詞修飾等。但其實不定式主要是指動詞的形式「不限定」,也就是不做任何變形,即總是使用動詞原形。英語中將不包含前面的「to」的不定式(動詞原型)稱為bare infinitive,直譯可以譯作「裸」不定式;而帶有前置「to」的不定式則稱為full infinitive,直譯為完全不定式。不定式最大的特徵就是動詞無論如何都保持原型,沒有任何變形。不帶to的不定式最典型的例子就是在情態動詞後,例如:We will go tomorrow. 這裡的動詞go不會有任何形變。
【又注】從infinitive這個詞的由來也可以看出:finite是「有限的」、「限定的」意思,infinite是「無限的」、「不加限制的」,infinitive則是由infinite變化而來專指動詞不定式的名詞。
Two classes of verb-forms illustrate in a striking way the fact that the same word may belong to different parts of speech; for they really belong to two different parts of speech at one and the same time.【譯】兩類動詞形式令人驚異說明了同一個詞可能屬於不同的詞類,因為它們確實是同時屬於兩個詞類。【單詞】illustrate ['il-uh-streyt, ih-'luhs-treyt]['lstret] vt. 說明;圖解 vi. 舉例說明【單詞】striking [strak] adj.引人注目的; 異乎尋常的; 顯著的【單詞】belong [bih-'lawng, -'long][b'l] vi. 應歸入;屬於【單詞】speech [speech][spit] n. 演說;演講;言語;語言能力
These are the infinitive (which is both verb and noun) and the participle (which is both verb and adjective).【譯】它們是不定式(既是動詞又是名詞)和分詞(既是動詞又是形容詞)。【單詞】infinitive [in-'fin-i-tiv][n'fntv] n. 不定式【單詞】verb [vurb][vb] n. 動詞【單詞】noun [noun][nan] n. 名詞【單詞】participle ['pahr-tuh-sip-uhl, -suh-puhl][pɑ'tspl] n. 分詞【單詞】adjective ['aj-ik-tiv]['dktv] n. 形容詞
Examples of the infinitive may be seen in the following sentences:【譯】不定式的例子可以在以下句子中看到:【單詞】following 原型:follow ['fol-oh]['fl] v. 跟隨;追趕;緊接著【單詞】sentences 原型:sentence ['sen-tns]['sentns] n. 句子
To struggle was useless.【譯】掙扎是沒有用的。【單詞】struggle ['struhg-uhl]['strɡl] vi. 努力;奮鬥;鬥爭;掙扎【單詞】useless ['yoos-lis]['jusls] adj. 無用的;無效的
To escape is impossible.【譯】逃跑是不可能的。【單詞】escape [ih-'skeyp]['skep] v. 逃跑;逃脫;逃避【單詞】impossible [im-'pos-uh-buhl][m'psbl] adj. 不可能的;做不到的
To exercise regularly preserves the health.【譯】有規律地運動有助於保持健康。【單詞】exercise ['ek-ser-sahyz]['ekssaz] vi. 鍛鍊【單詞】regularly ['reg-yuh-ler-lee]['reɡjlli] adv. 有規律地;定期地【單詞】preserves 原型:preserve [pri-'zurv][pr'zv] v. 保護;保存;保持
To struggle is clearly a noun, for (1) it is the subject of the sentence, and (2) the noun effort or exertion might be put in the place of to struggle.【譯】to struggle顯然是名詞性的,因為(1)它是句子的主語,(2)可以用名詞「effort」或「exertion」代替「to struggle」。【單詞】effort ['ef-ert]['eft] n. 努力;努力的成果【單詞】exertion [ig-'zur-shuhn][ɡ'zn] n. 努力;發揮;運用
Similarly, the noun escape might be substituted for to escape; and, in the third sentence, regular exercise (a noun modified by an adjective) might be substituted for to exercise regularly.【譯】同樣地,名詞escape替換掉to escape;在第三句中,可以用regular exercise(由形容詞修飾的名詞)來代替 to exercise regularly。【單詞】Similarly 原型:similarly 副詞 ['sim-uh-ler]['smlli] adv. 相似地;類似地【單詞】substituted 原型:substitute ['suhb-sti-toot, -tyoot]['sbsttjut]vt. 代替;用 …… 代替;代以【單詞】regular ['reg-yuh-ler]['reɡjl] adj. 有規律的;定期的;經常的;規則的【單詞】modified 原型:modify ['mod-uh-fahy]['mdfa] v. 修改;更改;緩和;修飾
【解析】escape可以做名詞,而在不定式to escape中的escape則是動詞,所以這裡說escape可以代替to escape。
But these three forms (to struggle, to escape, and to exercise) are also verbs, for they express action, and one of them (to exercise) is modified by an adverb (regularly).【譯】但這三種形式(to struggle, to escape, 和to exercise)也是動詞,因為它們表示動作,其中一種(to exercise)由副詞(regularly)修飾。【單詞】express [ik-'spres][k'spres] vt. 表達;表示【單詞】adverb ['ad-vurb]['dvb] n. 副詞 adj. 副詞的
Such forms, therefore, are noun-forms of the verb.【譯】因此,這些形式是動詞的名詞形式。
They are classed with verbs, and are called infinitives.【譯】它們分類上被分為動詞,叫做不定式。【單詞】infinitives 名詞複數形式 infinitives n. 不定式(infinitive的複數)
The infinitive is a verb-form which partakes of the nature of a noun.【譯】不定式是一種具有名詞性質的動詞形式。【單詞】partakes 原型:partake [pahr-'teyk][pɑ'tek] vi. 參與;分擔;分享;頗有;吃;vt. 參與
It is commonly preceded by the preposition to, which is called the sign of the infinitive.【譯】它通常在介詞前面,這被稱為不定式的符號/標誌。【單詞】commonly ['kom-uhn-lee]['kmnli] adv. 一般地;通常地;普通【單詞】preceded 原型:precede [pri-'seed][pr'sid] vt. 在 …… 之前;先於 vi. 在前面;領先【單詞】preposition [prep-uh-'zish-uhn][prep'zn] n. 介詞【單詞】sign [sahyn][san] n. 手勢;招牌;符號
The infinitive without to is used in a great variety of verb-phrases.【譯】而不帶「to」的不定式被用在各種動詞短語中。【單詞】variety [vuh-'rahy-i-tee][v'rati] n. 多樣;種類;多樣化
I shall go.【譯】例如:我要走了。
John will win.【譯】約翰會贏的。【單詞】win [win][wn] v. 贏;贏得;獲勝;獲得【專有名詞】John 人名/人物 [jon][dn] n. 約翰(男子名)
Mary may recite.【譯】瑪麗可以背誦。【單詞】recite [ri-'sahyt][r'sat] vt. 背誦;朗誦;敘述;列舉 vi. 背誦;回答問題【專有名詞】Mary ['mair-ee]['mri] n. 瑪麗(女子名)
Jack can swim.【譯】傑克會遊泳。【單詞】swim [swim][swm] v. 遊泳 n. 遊泳【專有名詞】Jack [jak][dk] n. 傑克(男子名)
Such phrases will be studied in connection with the inflection of verbs.【譯】這些短語將結合動詞的音調變化來研究。【短語】in connection with 與……有關;與……相連;例句:It is better to express your anger, rather than bottle it up. 生氣寧可發洩出來而不要悶在肚內。【單詞】phrases 原型:phrase [freyz][frez] n. 短語;習語;措辭【單詞】connection [kuh-'nek-shuhn][k'nekn] n. 聯繫;關係【單詞】inflection [in-'flek-shuhn][n'flekn] n. 變調;音調變化
Note.【譯】注意。
That go, win, recite, and swim are infinitives may be seen by comparing the following sentences:—"I intend to go," "John is sure to win," "Mary is permitted to recite," "Jack is able to swim."【譯】上面的例句中go、win、recte和swim是不定式,通過比較以下句子可以看出:——「I intend to go (我打算去)」,「John is sure to win(約翰肯定會贏)」,「Mary is permitted to recite(瑪麗可以背誦) 」,「Jack is able to swim(傑克會遊泳)。」【固定用法】be able to do sth. 能夠,會(做);有能力(或辦法、機會)做某事;例句:I am able to pick you up on the short wave radio. 我能用短波收音機收聽到你的信號。【用法】be sure to do sth. 表示「肯定會做某事」,有確信的意思。例如:I'm sure that Tom lives here. 我確信湯姆住在這裡。【用法】tend to表示「朝某方向;趨向;偏重」,後面接動詞原形。如:We tend to make mistakes when we do things in a hurry.忙中不免出錯。【單詞】comparing 原型:compare [kuhm-'pair][km'pe] v. 比較;對比;比喻【單詞】intend [in-'tend][n'tend] vt. 想要;打算;意指【單詞】permitted 原型:permit [per-'mit][p'mt] v. 允許;許可