Pun: the clever or humorous use of a word that has more than one meaning, or of words that have different meanings but sound the same 雙關語《牛津英語詞典》
雙關辭格是屬於借代範疇的辭格。所謂借代，是借 A 說 B， 而雙關從本質上講也是這樣，它借音相同(或近似) 的詞來表達不同的意思，或借同一個詞來表達不同的意思。
條件1. 雙重語境( Double Context) 。
2. 絞鏈(Hinge)：多義詞、同音異義詞。
3. 觸機(Trigger)：促成 pun 的關鍵因素。
Pun: Their Reality and Their Uses
@Archibald A Hill它和借代（轉喻[1]）的區別是，需要兩個基本條件：
①歧義（ambiguity）：積極歧義
②雙重語境（double context）
試看：無雙重語境的借代：
正說之間，玄德召二人入，謂曰：「夏侯惇引兵到來,如何應敵？張飛曰：「哥哥何不使水去?」 (《三國演義》第三十九回)
此處，水並不是字面意思的水，很明顯指的是 諸葛亮，因為有「如魚得水」的典故。
因此，沒有雙重語境，是借代而非雙關。
分類
在整理資料，查閱論文的時候發現。英語中的雙關大致有以下四類，亦即：
語音雙關homophone:(grammar 語法) a word that is pronounced like another word but has a different spelling or meaning, for example some, sum/sʌm/同音異形詞；同音異義詞（讀音相同，寫法或意義不同）
語音雙關(homophonicpun)是利用同(近)音異義詞構成的雙關。
If we don't hang together, we'll hang separately.
分析：摽biào 與 吊diào 押尾韻；摽：用胳膊緊緊鉤住。引申為連結。（漢語大詞典）The "in" idea in business travel.
姓陶不見桃結果, 姓李不見李開花, 姓羅不見鑼鼓響 , 三個蠢材哪裡來 ? 《劉三姐》
空對著, 山中高士晶瑩雪 ; 終不忘, 世外仙妹寂寞林 。
King: ...my cousin Hamlet, and my son, ... how is it that the clouds still hang on you? Hamlet: Not so,my lord, I am too much in the sun.
Though we are apart, you are still a part of me.
Britannia rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules.
Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse.
On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.
Here lies Lester Moore/Four Slags/From A44/No Les, No more. (C. Maley and Buff, Words)
譯：這裡/埋葬的是/萊斯特·莫爾/他死於A44槍彈/不多不少/整整四顆Les is no moreNo Lester, no MooreNo Less no MoreLester 死了Moore死了不多不少（四顆子彈）Make your every hello a real good-buy.
筆者認為這裡的hello 和 good bye剛好是通話的完整話術，所以還有一層意思是讓你的每一次通話都很順暢/利。More sun and air for your son and heir.
這裡有充足的陽光，清新的空氣，一切為了您的的子孫後代。Trust us. over 5000 ears of experience.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. 「You're not eating your fish,」 the waitress said to him. 「Anything wrong with it?」 「 Long time no sea.」 the man replied.
long time no sea 魚離開大海太久➡不新鮮Why are medieval centuries called 「Dark Ages"? Because it was the knight time.
背景知識：Medieval Centuries即中世紀,又稱為Middle Ages(公元500年左右至1500年左右)。它指歐洲封建社會時期。騎士(knight)階層是當時統治階級中重要的組成部分,故又稱為騎士時代。knight ➡ night 夜晚 ➡ dark 黑暗時代What kind of money do girls like the most? Matrimony
You earn your living and you urn your dead. 謀生即築墓。
When does the baker follow his trade? Whenever he kneads the dough.
What do the policemen have in their sandwiches? -Truncheon meat.
truncheon （警棍） ➡ luncheon（午宴）She's a perfect photograph of her father. And a pretty good phonograph of her mother.
Hollywood, land of mink and money.
land of mink and money ➡ land of milk and honey 魚米之鄉魚米之鄉：a Land of Fish and Rice 參考➡《走進姑蘇城》Unique low. (The Economist)
A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two-tyred.
two-tyred 兩個輪子➡ too tired 太累了自行車不能自己站起來，因為它只有兩個輪子/它太累了。語義雙關homograph:a word that is spelt like another word but has a different meaning from it, and may have a different pronunciation, for example bow /baʊ/, bow /bəʊ/, /boʊ/同形異義詞（拼寫相同，意義不同，讀音可能不同）
語義雙關[3]是利用多義詞 ( polyseme) 或同形同音異義詞 (homonym) 所構成的雙關。
Seven days without water makes one weak.
without water 不摻水，不折不扣；不喝水理解：七天不喝水使人虛弱；不折不扣的七天構成一周。...and you shall find me a grave man...
He lost the game and his temper. (兼用雙關Sylleptic Pun)
Spoil yourself and not your figure.
spoil oneself 盡興；spoil one's figure 破壞體型空對著, 山中高士晶瑩雪 ; 終不忘, 世外仙妹寂寞林 。
可是匪徒們走上這十幾裡的大山背, 他們沒想到包馬蹄的破麻袋片全踏爛掉在路上, 露出了他們的馬腳 。
洪湖窺視著姑娘的眼睛，膽怯地說:「 你 . 愛洪湖嗎?」 桐花立刻聽出了話裡的雙關含義，睜著嫵媚的大眼睛，稍帶嬉謔地望著小夥子, 沒有回答。
My Faith is gone!" cried he, after one stupefied moment. (Hauthorne)
短篇小說 Young Goodman Brown @Nathaniel HawthorneBill Gates and Steve Jobs.
B: Bill Gates; S: Steve Jobs
B: So, how's heaven, Steve?
S: Great! It just doesn't have any wall or fence.
B: So...?
S: So we don't need any Windows and Gates. I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you.
B: It's ok Steve, but I heard a rumor.
S: Oh, what rumor?
B: That nobody is allowed to touch Apple there, and there are no Jobs in heaven.
S: Oh, no, definitely there are, but only no-pay Jobs. Therefore definitely no Bill in heaven.
A professor tapped on his desk and shouted:「Gentlemen -order!」 The entire class yelled: "Beer!"
1. 教授敲擊講臺並大聲說: "先生們,肅靜!" 全班大聲喊道:"啤酒!"
Soccer Kicks off with Violence.( The Times, 1972) 足球開踢, 拳打足踢。
Ben Battle was a soldier hold, And used to war's alarms. But a cannonball took off his legs, So he laid down his arms. (ThomasHood)
譯文：本·巴特爾是一位驍勇的戰士, 他已習慣了戰爭的警報笛, 可惜一顆炮彈打掉了他的雙腿, 他, 只得放下雙臂, 也放下武器 。Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.
譯：為什麼律師都很難入睡? 因為他們首先在這一邊撒謊，然後又在另一邊撒謊，並且為免出錯還要一直保持高度的清醒。An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
—What do lawyers do when they die? —Lie still.
律師死了幹啥呢? 身子躺著一動不動, 但口裡依然在撒謊。The wounded captive, an enemy high-ranking officer lies before the doctor.
受傷的俘虜是敵人高級軍官,他躺在醫生面前-對醫生撒謊。"And I had keys made for the door upstairs. But, no, sir. She had cut off my locks. She was a Deliah", says Bill Basset.
譯：比爾·巴賽特說:「我配有樓上房門的鑰匙。可是，不，先生，她準是撬了我的鎖，她真是個大利拉式的壞女人。」cut off one's lock 對...下毒手（源《聖經》大理石參孫典故）... they were adding more than a spice of adventure to their much envied and ever-enduring Romance by a Safari in what was known as Darkest Africa ....
譯：...他們遠途打獵,來到以前稱為「最黑的非洲」的地方。給他們那令人羨慕又一直維持著羅曼斯所加上的，絕不僅是一點點冒險風味而已……(範與中譯)選自Hemingway, The Short Happy Life of Francis MacomberTanya handed Amy the soaked towel "Sorry it got wet. Are you a P.C.V.?" (Der Zee, Love Beyond Reason)
譯：塔尼亞把溼毛巾還給艾米說:「對不起,擦溼了。你是P.C.V 成員嗎?」Amy➡與男友發生矛盾；Tanya➡Amy 的假想情敵Peace Corps VolunteerPotential Crime VictimPoor Confused Virgin和平隊潛在案件的受害者可憐糊塗的老處女"Lucky thing your finding it" said the youth, and, then with a catch in his voice, he blurted out a word or two of thanks and fled headlong in direction of Knightbridge. (Sagi, Dust)
譯：年青人說: 「真走運，你找到了。」然後，哽咽著，語帶習鑽地敷衍兩句道謝的話，就朝萊茲布裡奇方向溜掉了。」Bridge is a game of cards which a good deal depends on a good deal.
譯：橋牌, 是大部分要看發牌(的好壞)而定的紙牌遊戲 。A deal with us means a good deal to you.
She's too brown for a fair praise. (Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing)
When a woman dress to kill, the victim's apt to be time.
譯：當女人著裝打扮自己 去迷人時, 被犧牲的往往是時間。kill 使著迷；kill time 消磨時間，打發時光There came a train of ping-pong players home with loaded honors.
一輛火車駛來了，上面有一隊桌球選手，他們載譽而歸。Teacher: George, can you give Lincoln's Gettysburg Address? George: No, but he used to live at the White House inWashington D. C.
老師: 喬治,你能背誦林肯葛底斯堡演說嗎? 喬治: 我不會。林肯曾住在華盛頓特區的白宮裡。-Which lager can claim to be truly German? -This can.
Coke refreshes you like no other can.
You'll ==go nuts== for the nuts you get in Nux.
The Unique Spirit of Canada.
Sagging Spirits in Scotland.
Quoted from Newsweek, 1983All is well that ends[5] well.
Better late than the late.
late 遲到；the late 去世的：意思是「已故的（特別是去世不久的）」。eg. the late President Reagan已故的裡根總統 / your late husband你已故的丈夫。==the late==相當於the now dead。摹擬：Better late than never. 晚來總比不來好。The driver is safer when the road is dry; The road is safer when the driver is dry.
Why is an empty purse always the same? Because there is never any change in it.
為什麼空錢包都是一樣的？因為空錢包總是一成不變，內無分文。"Fourth floor,"shouted the passenger to the elevator.「Here you are, son. ""How dare you call me "son'?""Sir, I called, or whatever. I've brought you up anyway."
乘客出言不遜，電梯管理員借用"son"和"sir"構成的語音雙關教訓了他，接著待他聽出並提出質問時，管理員又借用"bring up"的雙重意思損了他一回。這個例句使我想起了一個經典的翻譯案例，請看例句：The elevator girl reads between passengers. 這裡的between passengers[6] 應該理解為，在上一個乘客和下一個乘客之間，即：沒有乘客的時候。全句譯為：這個負責開關電梯的女孩經常在沒有乘客的時候看書。If the man be a bachelor, sir, I can, but if he be a married man, he's his wife's head, and I can never cut off a woman's head.
譯：老爺,他要是個光棍漢子,那就好辦了; 可是他要是個有老婆的，那麼人家說丈夫是妻子的頭，叫我去砍女人的頭，我可下不了手。You say that you are studying trees. What branch of this subject are you specializing in?
譯：你說你在研究樹木，那麼你專攻哪一分支(分枝)?Money doesn’t grow on trees. But it blossoms at our branches.
Winning candidate out for the count.
small medium large 剛好是型號的大中小The American Dream does not come to those who fall asleep.
American Dream 美國夢；Dream 夢境試譯：對那些袖手旁觀的人來說，美國夢是一場白日夢。dream V.S. fall asleep 有一種矛盾感與和諧感，正常來說fall asleep 就會做夢，但是這裡的夢應該是共同奮鬥的目標。這個時候選擇fall asleep的人就不會實現這一目標，既有矛盾感，也有一種和諧感。We aim to please, you aim to, please.
Hoarding cash. (The Economist)
這是一篇介紹足球比賽球場旁邊的廣告牌是如何巧妙掙錢的文章，標題一語雙關。標題一則為本義廣告牌；二則指足球隊秘密掙錢。音義雙關 Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.譯：蘇比不聲不響地站著，兩手插在口袋裡，一見到警察就露出微笑。語用雙關 What's this fly doing in my soup? Looks like breast stroke(蛙泳), sir.試譯：蒼蠅怎麼會在我的湯裡頭？先生，它看起來在蛙泳哦。補充內容輕鬆一刻上下滑動查看
via《中國日報雙語新聞》
歇後語中雙關孔夫子搬家—儘是輸（書）
大蔥拌豆腐—一清（青）二白
鹹菜煎豆腐—有言（鹽）在先
外甥打燈籠—照舊（舅）
嘴上抹石灰—白說（刷）
精裝茅臺—好久（酒）
豬八戒拍照—自找難堪（看）
四兩棉花—談（彈）不上
梁山泊軍師—無（吳）用
下雨天出太陽－假情（晴）
山上滾石頭－實（石）打實（石）
山頭上吹喇叭－名（鳴）聲遠揚
飛機上掛暖瓶－高水平（瓶）
做夢變蝴蝶－想入非非（想入飛飛）
猴子學走路－假惺惺（假猩猩）
蜘蛛拉網－自私（自絲）
瞎子背瞎子－忙上加忙（盲上加盲）
脫口秀大會的諧音梗
參考資料[1]轉喻: 轉喻欣賞舉隅
[2]竹枝詞: 英漢雙關辭格比較研究-彭家玉&於少萍
[3]語義雙關: 英語雙關分類特點及翻譯-王璐
[4]PCV: 英語雙關的類型和翻譯-徐仲炳
[5]ends: 英語廣告中雙關語的運用技巧及翻譯-孟琳
[6]between passengers: https://m.ximalaya.com/waiyu/32418220/243682103
[7]勞埃德銀行: LanguagePass
[8]medium: 英語雙關語探討-單祝堂