之前改了比較多學生作文,總結了幾類常犯的詞彙和語法錯誤,這裡挑選一些稍微講解一下。這五類錯誤包括:
缺謂語/多謂語
連詞與副詞混用
不可數名詞當可數
詞性搞混
常用短語使用有誤
在正式講解這幾類之前,還是要先大概了解一下雅思寫作評分標準,看看這些詞彙語法錯誤到底會帶來什麼樣的嚴重後果。
雅思寫作評分標準總共有四項,分別是:
Task Achievement(任務完成度-小作文)/Task Response(任務回應度-大作文)
Coherence and Cohesion (連貫與銜接)
Lexical Resource (詞彙豐富度)
Grammatical Range and Accuracy (語法多樣及準確性)
關於詞彙,5分的評分標準是這樣說的:may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader, 也就是錯誤比較多比較明顯,甚至會影響閱讀。而到了6分,則是makes some errors, but they do not impede communication.
關於語法,5分是說may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty, 6分則是make some errors but they rarely reduce communication. 能看出來這兩個分數段的評價十分相似,從5分到6分,就是錯誤減少的一個過程。但是這並不代表著7分甚至更高就不能犯錯,偶爾的一兩個筆誤是可以允許的,但是錯誤滿篇的情況,給考官的印象就不會太好,更不要說分數了。考官不會去數犯了幾個錯誤從而扣幾分,他們依然是看一個整體閱讀的感受。
錯誤一:缺謂語/多謂語
這類錯誤是作文中最常見、也最容易被忽視掉的錯誤,這是由於英語和漢語的語言習慣不同所導致的。漢語中,一個句子可以有多個謂語動詞,可以用很長一句話來描述一系列的動作,但是英語不可以。英語中,一個句子只能有一個謂語動詞,其他動詞的出現,要麼以非謂語動詞(to do/doing)出現,要麼用連接詞進行銜接。
舉個例子:
I have a cat. ✅ 英文中的簡單句,即主謂賓,其中主語是I,謂語是have,賓語是a cat.
I have a cat, the cat is white. ❌ 此時多了半個句子,這半句也構成一個簡單句的結構(主系表),如果直接用逗號將這兩個半句銜接,此時就出現兩個謂語動詞(have和is),則錯誤。
I have a cat and the cat is white. ✅ 通過and可以連接兩個半句
I have a cat, which is white. ✅ 也可以通過從句連接詞which連接
以一個作文中出現的錯誤句子為例:
There are many accidents happen in societies.
此時句子裡有兩個動詞are和happen,都想做謂語動詞,但此處只能保留are,happen的形式需要修改。
There are many accidents that happen in societies. (連接詞)
There are many accidents happening in societies. (非謂語動詞)
有人可能會問,那把happen改成happened可不可以?注意這裡不可以,如果用-ed的形式則暗含了被動關係,而這裡「事故」與「發生」是主動關係,用-ing形式。
這裡再列舉幾個錯誤的句子,並在結尾附上參考的修改方式:
Firstly, it due to the purpose of traveling.
Every visitor is not just behaving as himself, he is representing all the people from his country.
Children do not gain a deep understanding about the world, they are supposed to start anything from scratch.
Some voices are disagree this view.
People should keep in mind if people live without social values, what waiting for us would be rather gloomy.
錯誤二:連詞與副詞混用
連詞(conjunctions):and, but, or, although, while, though, because, since, when...
副詞(adverbs):moreover, however, thus, nevertheless, therefore...
連詞的目的是連接兩個句子,像上面多謂語的問題出現時,用連詞將兩個句子銜接起來才可以。所以連詞可以理解為是橋梁作用,不可或缺。
副詞則是起修飾作用,比如I run fast.中的fast,是去修飾「跑」這個動作的,即使把fast刪掉也並不會影響整個句子的結構,剩下的I run. 依然是一個完整的句子。所以副詞就像是the icing on the cake,起到裝飾、點綴的作用。
對這兩類詞語區分不清楚直接導致的是標點符號的錯誤,比如說這個句子:
The amount of money that sports stars make is justified. Because the pressure from media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight.❌
由於because是連詞,不能單獨引導一個句子,所以要修改為:
The amount of money that sports stars make is justified because the pressure from media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight.
類似的還有:
The main reason is that the high population density stimulates the thriving economy, which led to an increase in waste, therefore, the amount of household waste is growing.
I admit the benefits of a self-encouraging educational method brings, however, it is more significant to teach children to balance the attitude toward success and failure.
這兩個的改法很相似,只要在therefore和however前改成句號,讓它們另起一句話即可。
後面這幾類就比較簡單了,只要稍作積累即可。
錯誤三:不可數名詞當可數
不可數名詞:fine(罰款),architecture(建築),infrastructure(基礎設施),production(生產),consumption(消耗量),electricity(電量),knowledge(知識),work(工作),information(信息),behaviour(行為),confidence(自信)
還有一些是可數名詞,但容易被當作不可數名詞:offence(犯罪),demand(需求)
錯誤四:詞性搞混
strength(n. 優勢)- strengthen(v. 加強)
social(adj. 社會的)- society(n. 社會) - socialise(v. 社交)
main(adj. 主要的)- mainly(adv. 主要地)
innocence(n. 無辜)- innocent(adj. 無辜的)
rapid(adj. 快速的)- rapidly(adv. 快速地) 比如應該用rapid development而不是rapidly,develop rapidly而不是rapid
affect(v. 影響)- effect(n. 影響)
Britain(n. 英國)- British(adj. 英國的)
illiterate(adj. 不識字的)- illiteracy(n. 文盲)
以上錯誤三和四的原因都在於單詞記憶不準確,可以通過在線詞典比如https://dictionary.cambridge.org/查詢英文的解釋及例句,掌握最地道的用法。
錯誤五:常用短語使用有誤(此處不再列舉錯誤形式)
on the one hand & on the other hand,這兩個短語在文章中必須成對出現,不可拆分
during the period 在某時間段
last but not least 最後
commit a crime 犯罪(有a)
in conclusion 總之
be willing to do sth 願意做某事
be satisfied with sth 對某事滿意
between...and... = from...to... 從...到...
adapt to sth 適應某物
to a certain extent 在某種程度上(有a)
the figure for sth 某物的數據(介詞是for)
with regard to sth 關於某物
compared with/to sth 和某物相比(不是comparing)
in recent years = recently 最近
百分數,表示佔據:account for, make up, comprise, constitute, represent. 不可以用occupy和take up
pay attention to doing sth 注意
after all 畢竟(兩個單詞)
in stark contrast with 有很大不同
from my perspective 個人看來
最後推薦兩個網站。
雅思寫作中經常要進行同義替換,可以通過https://www.thesaurus.com/這個網站查詢一些近義詞。
對於短語,可以把自己想用的短語在外文網站上搜索一下,看看是否有這種用法,如果有的話再使用,不要自己造短語。推薦bing.com(必應)的國際版。
參考答案:
Firstly, it is due to the purpose of traveling.
Every visitor is not just behaving as himself, but he is representing all the people from his country.
Because children do not gain a deep understanding about the world, they are supposed to start anything from scratch.
Some voices are disagree disagree with/are opposed to this view.
People should keep in mind if people live without social values, what waiting waits for us would be rather gloomy.