文化交流雜誌特約作者 金輝
為了尋訪周達觀的足跡,講述中國「海上絲綢之路」的故事,近日,柬中文化友好協會中國區常務副會長、柬中文化網副總編李毅等,應溫州市委宣傳部之邀,專程來到溫州市,聆聽溫州人講述周達觀的故事。
【為《元史》補缺】
周達觀(約1266-1346),自號草庭逸民,出生在今溫州城區,《真臘風土記》一書的作者。據記載,元貞元年二月二十日(1295年3月24日)他「自溫州開洋,行丁未針」,途經福建、廣東、海南諸港,過七洲洋,經交趾洋,三月十五日(4月18日)到達佔城(今越南歸仁港一帶)國都,又經崑崙洋由真浦入境真臘國,之後自真浦出發,過崑崙洋,入真臘第四港(今越南美狄一帶),自港口北行,大舟換小舟,一路行舟,入洞里薩湖,七月時到達湖邊碼頭,上岸即是真臘國都吳哥城。
東漢以來,隨著中國影響力往南伸展,開始認識中南半島區域,如三國吳時朱應、康泰往扶南、林邑(今越南一帶)宣國威,著有《扶南異物志》《扶南記》等,此為有關真臘(柬埔寨)的最早記載,卻又散失在歷史的塵埃中。
10至13世紀,是真臘文明最燦爛的時代,史稱「吳哥時代」。後遭受暹羅(今泰國)入侵,終淪為廢墟,無人知其存在,《元史·外國傳》亦無相關記載。
而《真臘風土記》除了描繪真臘吳哥城的建築和雕刻藝術外,還詳細敘述了都城王室與當地風土人情、周達觀南行行程及所取途徑等,甚有人文歷史價值。
當地民眾感激這位溫州人。在距吳哥城東北60裡處有一座山,山上長滿荔枝樹,據說是由周達觀出使時贈送的種子繁殖而來。他們把這座山稱為「中國荔枝山」。現在人們去參觀吳哥窟時,當地旅遊局還會分發《真臘風土記》等資料,介紹中國使者周達觀。
中國援柬吳哥古蹟保護工程從上世紀90年代開始,先後修復了周薩神廟和茶膠寺。這是柬埔寨茶膠寺。
但周達觀那次的遣使,各史書均未記載。後來真臘王朝遷都金邊,都城吳哥逐漸沒落,五百餘年過去,吳哥被茂密的熱帶雨林湮沒,為世人所不知,簡直成了歷史的疑案。1861年法國生物學家亨利·穆奧為了尋找熱帶動植物,無意中發現了宏偉驚人的古廟遺蹟,從此隱沒已久的「吳哥文明」重現於世。《真臘風土記》便成為現存同時代人撰寫吳哥文化極盛時期的唯一記錄,是研究柬埔寨古代史和中柬交往友好關係的珍貴文獻,為中外史家所肯定。《四庫全書總目提要》稱此書「文義頗為賅贍﹐本末詳具,可補元史闕佚」。先後被譯為法文、日文、英文、柬埔寨文、德文等。
【屢見溫州方言】
每每閱讀《真臘風土記》,作為作者的同鄉,都能因從中品嘗到溫州味道而感到格外的親切,更為其筆下的溫州元素而引起共鳴。那真是鄉情醇香,濃烈於酒。
縱觀全書,作者對家鄉的眷戀之情躍然紙上。在《真臘風土記》第三十六則「異事」中,周氏寫道:「餘鄉人薛氏,居番三十五年矣。」初來乍到與老鄉相遇,「君自故鄉來,應知故鄉事」,其喜悅之情可謂溢於言表,今天的我們仍能體味咀嚼。這位溫州人薛氏「居番三十五年」,應當是南宋景定年間赴真臘。儘管比北宋真宗鹹平元年(998年)隨商船至高麗經商的周佇要遲許多,但仍是溫州人走向世界的先驅之一。
在真臘的日子裡,周氏的所見所聞,其參照物難免是家鄉溫州。這在他的書中常有表露。
第二十一則「欲得唐貨」中,他寫到「溫州之漆盤、泉處之瓷器……雨傘、篦箕、木梳」,可見溫州漆器等當時不僅廣銷國內,並外銷到真臘。
在第二十六則「魚龍」中,「龜腳可長八九寸許」,此乃溫州土話,也只有周達觀這位溫州人才如此稱呼。後來在一些注釋中有人稱之為「烏龜之腳」,其實不然。龜腳為溫州人用以稱海洋節肢動物石蜐(讀jié)的土名。今溫州仍有出產,只是沒有周氏看到的那麼長,大概只有二三寸長。
還有第二十九則「蠶桑」中指出,當地人皆不事蠶桑,「亦無麻薴,惟有絡麻」,這裡的「絡麻」也是溫州方言。有的學者誤認為「絡麻」為大麻的一種,實際上只有溫州方言中將包括薴麻、絡麻在內的大麻都稱為絡麻。上句「亦無麻薴」,夏鼐在校注中指出,疑為薴麻之誤,並非麻與薴二種。
第三則「服飾」中「指環皆嵌貓兒眼睛石」,這裡的「貓兒眼睛石」,即具有貓眼效應的金綠寶石的貓眼石。周氏對貓的稱呼為「貓兒」,這是溫州話中的兒化音,如青菜油冬兒、雀兒等。
2018年12月6日,中柬合作的大型史詩舞臺劇《吳哥王朝》升級版在柬埔寨暹粒省「吳哥王朝大劇院」首演。圖為《吳哥王朝》演出現場。
第十七則「耕種」中「但糞田及種蔬,皆不用穢,嫌其不潔也」,夏鼐指出「穢為汙物,此處特指人糞。《晉書·殷浩傳》:錢本糞土,故將得錢而夢穢。」今溫州方言仍呼糞為穢。穢的本義為荒蕪,長滿野草,後引申為髒物,如「穢臭」即又髒又臭的意思。溫州方言的表達可謂十分到位。
還有第三十二則「舟楫」中「起屋」一詞,古籍中雖有以此作建築房屋解,如《漢書·武帝紀》「起建章宮」,但周氏書中的「起屋」,系使用溫州方言。溫州人至今稱建房為「起屋」。這些文字的表述,確也證明周達觀的溫州話還是很正宗的。
在《真臘風土記》中,我們發現了柬埔寨語與溫州話的相互關係。在第十則「語言」中,周氏記錄了真臘古國「國中語言,自成音聲,雖近而佔城、暹人,皆不通話說」的狀況。書中寫道:「又如呼中國為備世,呼官人為巴丁,呼秀才為班詰。乃呼中國之官人,不曰備世(中國)巴丁(官人),而曰巴丁(官人)備世(中國)。呼中國秀才,不曰備世(中國)班詰(秀才),而曰班詰備世(秀才中國)。」這是侗臺語中的「定語後置於名詞」的特徵之一,與溫州話中將「鹹菜」說成「菜鹹」,「砧板」稱作「板砧」如出一轍。說明同屬侗臺語的溫州話,與今日侗語、水語、壯語及柬埔寨語等有其共同祖語。
【溫州人研究校注】
《真臘風土記》隨後的研究者仍有溫州人,他們更能理解老鄉作者的心思,亦在為研究真臘歷史嘔心瀝血作貢獻。
《真臘風土記》問世後,有十來個版本,最早的單行本出自溫州,為道光己丑(1829年)瑞安許氏所刊巾箱本。1962年溫州文管會翻印此書,並由浙江古籍出版社出版,著名溫籍篆刻家方介堪題箋,溫州博物館至今還保存此書的書版。
溫州大儒孫詒讓曾在《溫州經籍志》中將《真臘風土記》的「總敘」刊出。
樂清籍著名地理學家陳正祥考察過吳哥遺址,1975年他在香港中文大學擔任講座教授時,出版《真臘風土記研究》。他以地理學家的眼光研究了周達觀筆下的真臘地理地貌,並論述了《真臘風土記》各版本的優劣。
溫籍著名考古學大家夏鼐對《真臘風土記》進行了全面校勘和縝密注釋,使之成為目前此書最好的校注版本,1981年由中華書局出版,名《真臘風土記校注》。有評論認為「夏先生以數十年的積累,收集十多種刊本、抄本,以及中外學者的有關論著,博採眾說,擇善而從,使之成為目前最好的、可依賴的一種本子」。夏鼐在校注者序言中說「初稿寫定後,又承老同學王祥第先生協助整理」,王祥第亦是溫州人,清華大學畢業,為夏鼐摯友,曾為溫州中學教師。
多少年來,周達觀在溫州人心目中的學術地位是很高的,如同山高水長,令幾輩人敬仰。
柬埔寨吳哥塔布籠寺,美國電影《古墓麗影》的取景地。
在民間同樣也有人頌揚周達觀。江心孤嶼前面的甌江中有兩處礁石,其形態一為大象,一為獅子,稱為象巖、獅子巖。民間相傳為當年周達觀從真臘運來。其實,當年周達觀從真臘回來後,沒有直接返回溫州,而是北上去了明州(寧波)。然而溫州民間美麗的傳說,正道出了周達觀在溫州民眾心目中的地位。
有人說,凡有陽光的地方,就有溫州人。是的,那是溫州人的傳統,而這一傳統是從先人身上的溫州元素中提煉和孕育的。
Wenzhou Elements in Stories of Chenla
The history of Chenla (known as zhenla in Chinese pinyin), an early Khmer kingdom in Indo-China Peninsula and a vassal state to Funan during the Qin (221-206BC) and Han (206BC-220AD) times, remained a mystery to the outside world until a man from present-day Wenzhou in Zhejiang, China actually visited the kingdom and wrote in a book what he saw during his one –year stay there. In a sense, the book, written by Zhou Daguan (1266-1346) and titled Stories of Chenla, added significant footnotes to The History of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded a most precious record of the enigmatic kingdom located in present-day Cambodia.
A delegation headed by Li Yi, Vice Editor-in-Chief of an online China-Cambodia cultural communication platform and Deputy Chair of China-Cambodia Cultural Exchange Association, recently visited Wenzhou in memory of Zhou Daguan, whose brave heart left Wenzhou elements in the written history of Chenla.
On March 24, 1295, Zhou Daguan set off on his journey. He arrived at Zhancheng (present-day Quy Nhon port area in Vietnam) on April 18, by way of Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan. His boat finally arrived at the Angkor Thom, the capital city of Chenla, almost five months after his departure in Wenzhou.
Chenla enters history through Chinese records that says that the kingdom sent an ambassador to China in AD 616 or 617. Subsequent assessments of this polity, which evidently flourished from about AD 550 to 800, have been heavily influenced by The History of the Sui Dynasty, which noted that Chenla was originally under its ruler Citrasena who conquered Funan and achieved independence. The impression that Chenla was a unified state under a king has been largely brushed aside by more recent research.
吳哥現存600多處古蹟。1992年,聯合國教科文組織把吳哥古蹟列入世界文化遺產名錄。
The period from the 10th Century to the 13th Century saw the polity’s prosperity reach its apex recorded as the 「Angkor Era」. The history of Chenla after it was invaded by present-day Thai and reduced into a wasteland was missing in the 「Foreign Countries」 volume of The History of the Yuan Dynasty. Although the diplomatic mission of Zhou Daguan is nowhere to be see in any written historical records, his sincere, detailed description of what he saw in Chenla as an envoy was obviously appreciated by the locals who named a hill about 30km northeast of the capital city 「Chinese Litchi Hill」. The litchi trees flourishing on the hill are believed to be the progeny produced by the seeds brought by Zhou Daguan as a gift when he arrived. Today, the local tourist materials designed for people visiting Angkor Wat include a pamphlet that introduces Zhou Daguan and his book.
For more than 500 years after the polity relocated the capital to Phnom Penh, Angkor Thom was obscured by the dust of history, becoming a riddle again. It did not emerge from the depths of tropical rainforests until 1861, when Henri Mouhot (1826-1861), a French naturalist and explorer of the mid-19th century stumbled on some awe-inspiring ruins of temples that clearly dominated the ancient Angkor landscape. The rediscovery of 「the lost civilization」 also makes Zhou’s book the only surviving inscriptions of the many well-kept secrets of Chenla - kings, place names, the titles and status of temple patrons, the extent of temple property, etc. The book was mentioned in the 「Abstracts」 of Siku Quanshu (Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature), a huge collection of books compiled under an imperial decree in the Qing Dynasty, and has been translated into many languages.
The author’s nostalgia runs throughout the book, as shown in some of the chapters in which Zhou expressed his homesickness by recording the visit of people from Wenzhou. One of the chapters mentions a man surnamed Xue who had been living in Chenla for 35 years by the time Zhou Daguan arrived. During his stay in Chenla, Zhou also noticed the popularity of Wenzhou-made lacquer ware in the remote kingdom.
吳哥考古公園。
The Wenzhou elements in the book can also be felt in the use of Wenzhou dialect here and there, such as 「guijiao」 (a marine arthropod) and 「luoma」. The book devotes a chapter to linguistic studies, and for the more intensive readers it is not difficult to notice the correlation between Wenzhou dialect and Khmer, the language used in Cambodia.
Zhou Daguan’s book has remained a hot academic topic among Wenzhounese scholars, and has inspired Chen Zhenxiang, a famous geographer from Yueqing (in Wenzhou) in his studies about the Angkor relics, and renowned archeologist Xia Nai (1910-1985), who was also from Wenzhou. Xia’s Annotation of The Stories of Chenla, published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1981, brings the best of the book to life.