Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.
語音學和音位學都是對語音的研究。
Although speech comes to us naturally and therefore seems simple, it soon becomes clear how complex it is when we try to describe in detail and explain how it works.
雖然語音對我們來說很自然，因此看起來很簡單，但當我們試圖詳細地描述和解釋它是如何工作的時候，很快就會明白它是多麼複雜。
Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds,
語音學研究語音的產生、感知和物理特性，
while phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
而音位學則試圖解釋 語音如何在在特定的語言中結合、組織和表達含義。
Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds, i. e. the analysis and modeling of the speech signals;
語音學是對實際聲音的研究，即對語音信號的分析和建模;
phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound pattern s.
音位學涉及對語音的更抽象的描述，並試圖描述語音模式的規律。
So, in this sense, phonology is language-specific. It is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
因此，從這個意義上說，音位學是語言特有的。它研究的是自然語言中語音是如何組織和使用的。
Specifically speaking,phonetics is a study of speech sounds
具體地說，語音學是對語音的研究。
while phonology is a study of the sound system of a language.
而音位學是研究一種語言的聲音系統。
The former deals with the concrete aspects like how sounds are produced by human speech organs, how sounds are transmitted from the speaker's mouth to the listener's ears,how sounds are perceived by the listener, how sounds are classified, and how sounds are described in terms of different criteria.
前者涉及具體的方面，如聲音是如何由人類語音器官產生的，聲音是如何從說話人的嘴到聽者的耳朵，聲音是如何被聽者感知的，聲音是如何分類的，以及聲音是如何根據不同的標準被描述的。
The latter copes with the abstract aspects like,whether sounds can differentiate word meaning and how sounds are combined into permissible patterns,
後者處理的是一些抽象的方面，比如，聲音是否能區分單詞的意思（詞義），以及聲音如何被組合成允許的模式，
Speech sounds,as we have seen,are in themselves physically different from each other in a number of ways, such as velum position, place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing, tongue position, lip rounding, etc.
語音，正如我們所看到的，在物理上彼此在許多方面都是不同的，比如軟顎的位置，發音的位置，發音的方式，發聲，舌頭位置，圓唇化等。
They may also function differently in different languages.
它們在不同的語言中也有不同的功能。
Some of the differences are distinctive in that they serve to distinguish between words in a particular language system.
有些區別是獨特的，因為它們用於區分 特定語言系統中的單詞。
In English, for instance, the differences between [p] and [b], between [f] and [v] are distinctive.
例如，在英語中，[p]和[b]， [f]和[v]之間的區別是明顯的。
Substituting one for the other in each pair would bring about a change in word meaning: pin would become bin and fat would become vat.
每一對中的一個替換另一個會導致詞義的變化:pin變成bin，fat變成vat。
Distinctive sounds of this kind are called phoneme s and are customarily enclosed between two slashes「//」.
這種具有區分功能的聲音稱為音位（音素），通常夾在兩個斜槓「//」之間。
The phoneme is the basic unit in phonology analysis.
音位是音位學分析的基本單位。
It is an abstract unit. Its realizations in actual speech can be varied.
它是一個抽象的單位。它在實際語音中的實現是多種多樣的。
For instance,the phoneme/t/ can have different realizations in different contexts.
例如，音位/t/在不同的語境中可以有不同的實現形式。
It will be much to the front in the oral cavity in the word,e.g. 「tea",
and much to the back in the word,e.g.「two」;
but they are still members of the same class realizing the phoneme /t/.
在單詞中，它將會多到在口腔前面，例如。「tea」，
在單詞中，它在後面有很多，例如「two」，
但它們仍然是同一類的成員，實現了音位/t/。
The nondistinctive form s of a phoneme are called allophones,
音位的非特異性形式（不具有區分功能的音位）稱為音位變體，
Different languages have different phonological systems.
不同的語言有不同的音位系統。
In Chinese, for example, we do not have the phonemes /v/ or/θ/,which are used in English.
例如，在漢語中，我們沒有音素/v/或/θ/，而英語中卻使用。