城市地下空間開發利用中的生態保護
Ecological Protection in the Development and Utilization of Urban Underground Space
摘要：為總結城市地下空間開發利用中的生態保護的規劃設計要求，並為國家標準《城市地下空間規劃規範》中生態保護章節編制提供技術支撐，本文依託對京滬高鐵濟南西客站片區核心地下空間規劃對地下空間開發利用生態保護進行了專題研究。在對濟南市以及地下空間開發區域的環境現狀進行了詳細調研的基礎上，總結了與城市地下空間開發相關的城市生態系統的空間構成要素；以及結合案例分析了城市地下空間開發相關對城市生態系統影響，包括對地質環境、地下水環境、大氣環境、環境振動、植被等的影響等。據此，進一步論述對京滬高鐵濟南西客站片區核心地下空間開發利用中生態保護的具體要求，涉及地下水保護、大氣環境治理、環境振動與噪音控制以及城市的綠化建設等具體措施。
Abstract:In order to summarize the specific ecological protection requirements in the development and utilization of urban underground space, and to write of the ecological protection part of the national standard 「Standard for urban underground space planning」, based on underground space planning at Jinan west railway station, Shandong province，the ecological protection of underground space is studied. Along with the ecological research of the Jinan city and some cases, the main elements of urban ecological system and major influence on urban ecological environment in underground space development are analyzed, including geological environment, groundwater environment, atmospheric environment, environmental vibration, and vegetation. The specific requirements in ecological protection are discussed on the basis of the research on practical ecological protection measures in some urban underground comprehensive planning and worldwide and domestic experiences. The proposed requirements are involved in the specific measures of underground water protection, atmospheric environment curing and vibration control.
關鍵詞：城市地下空間利用；生態保護；地下水環境；大氣環境；環境振動
Key words: Development and utilization of urban underground space; ecological protection, groundwater; atmospheric environment; environmental vibration
引言
Introduction
經過幾十年的發展，我國大型城市中心區域地面空間已經無法滿足日益膨脹的人口以及繁重的交通需求，開發利用地下空間是解決這一城市病的行之有效的對策。當人們逐漸享受到地下商業、地下交通帶來便利的同時，地下空間開發利用所引起的生態環境問題也逐步顯現[1]。新編《城市地下空間規劃規範》及時將生態保護與環境健康納入規範內容，明確了城市地下空間規劃階段需對工程建設、運營階段對周邊地質環境、地下水、環境振動與噪音、環境空氣品質等敏感生態環境問題進行分析，並制定相應的環境保護措施，並落實在整個地下空間開發利用的生命周期中。
After decades of development, the floor space of China's major urban central zones has failed to meet the expanding population and heavy traffic needs. The development and utilization of underground space is an effective countermeasure to solve such urban disease. When people come to enjoy the convenience brought by the underground business and underground transport, the ecological and environmental problems caused by the development and utilization of underground space are also gradually revealed [1]. The newly formulated 」Standard for urban underground space planning」 timely includes the ecological protection and environmental health into the content of the standard, thus clarified that in the planning stage of urban underground space, the sensitive ecological environment issues such as the surrounding geological environment, groundwater, environmental vibration and noise, ambient air quality during the construction and operation phase shall be analyzed with the development of appropriate environmental protection measures, which shall be implemented in the whole life cycle of development and utilization of underground space.
本文將結合在編的《城市地下空間規劃規範》相關章節和京滬高鐵濟南西站片區地下空間的規劃，全面地分析城市地下空間開發利用所可能帶來的生態環境問題，針對性地提出保護措施。
In combination with the relevant chapters of "Standard for urban underground space planning" under formulation and the planning of underground space of West Jinan Station of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, a comprehensive analysis of the ecological environment may brought by the urban underground space development and utilization problems is made, and the targeted protection measures are put forward.
1. 工程背景
1. Engineering Background
京滬高鐵濟南西客站片區地下空間建設工程位於濟南市主城區西部的槐蔭區，核心區用地以公共設施用地為主，總面積約為6平方公裡[2]。核心區空間結構規劃為「兩軸三心三區」，見圖1，其中兩軸為東西公共服務發展軸以及臘山河生態休閒景觀軸；三心為東西部綜合樞紐中心、中部文化藝術交易會展中心以及東部商業商務中心；三區則為總部商務區、文化商業區以及商務金融區。
The underground space construction project of West Jinan Station of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway is located in Huaiyin District, west of main urban area in Jinan City. The land of the core area is mainly for public facilities use, and the total area is of approximately 6 square kilometers [2]. Spatial structure plan for the core area is "Two Axes, Three Centers and Three Districts" as shown in Figure 1, of which the two axes refer to the development of public services in east and west, and ecological leisure landscape axis of Lashan River; three centers stand for integrated hub for the east and west, convention center of central culture art trade and eastern business and commercial center; three districts means the business district in the headquarter, cultural and business zone and business and financial zone.
2. 環境質量現狀調研
2. Investigation of Present Environmental Quality Condition
2.1 氣象及大氣環境質量現狀
2.1 Present Condition of Meteorological and Atmospheric Environmental Quality
濟南西客站片區地處暖溫帶大陸性季風氣候區。多年平均氣溫13.5℃，平均降水量655.7mm。根據濟南市環境保護局出具的環境質量報告，2010年濟南市環境空氣三項主要汙染物，即可吸入顆粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮年均濃度分別為0.117毫克/立方米、0.045毫克/立方米、0.027毫克/立方米，二氧化硫、二氧化氮年均濃度達到國家環境空氣品質二級標準，可吸入顆粒物年均濃度超標0.2倍。從國家環保部門通報的全國74個重點城市環境空氣品質排名來看，濟南長期位於全國空氣品質最差的前十名。
The Area of West Jinan Railway Station is located in the temperate continental monsoon climate zone. The average annual temperature is of 13.5 ℃, and the average annual rainfall is 655.7mm. According to the Environmental Quality Report issued by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Jinan City: in 2010, the three major pollutants in ambient air of Jinan, namely, inhalable particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide their annual average concentrations were 0.117 mg / cubic meter, 0.045 mg / cubic meter and 0.027 mg / cubic meter respectively; the annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide reached the second level of national ambient air quality standards. The annual average concentration of inhalable particles exceeded 0.2 times the standard value. Seen from the ambient air quality rankings of 74 key cities nationwide reported by the state environmental protection department, Jinan ranks the top ten of the worst air quality in the country in the long term.
2.2 水環境質量現狀
2.2 Present Water Environmental Quality
西客站片區在區域上屬小清河水系。規劃區附件發育的河流有臘山河、小清河、玉符河等。
The Area of West Jinan Railway Station is in the river system of Xiaoqing River. The rivers in the Annex of planning area are Lashan River, Xiaoqing River and Yufu River etc.
南北向發育的臘山河在片區中部穿過，臘山河源於南部的臘山，是小清河入濟南市區之前最大的一條支流，自臘山分洪道至小清河口長5.4km，匯水面積27.1 km2，雨季為南部山區洩洪，現為城鎮汙水排放通道，河道水質嚴重汙染。
The north-south flowing Lashan River passes in its Central Area. Lashan Rivers originates from the Lashan Mountain in the south, which is the largest tributary before Xiaoqing River went into the urban area of Jinan. It is 5.4km from the flood bypass of Lashan Mountain to the since maestra floodway to the mouth of Xiaoqing River, and the catchment area is 27.1 km2. During the rainy season, the flood is discharged in the southern mountains, and is now the urban sewage discharge channels, and the river water is severely polluted.
小清河為片區北邊界，小清河是山東境內的一條重要河流，全長237公裡，流域面積10336平方公裡，是省城主城區唯一的防洪除澇和排汙河道，嚴重汙染。
Xiaoqing River is located in the north boundary of the Area, and it is a is a important river in the territory of Shandong with its total length of 237 km, the basin area is 10,336 square kilometers, which is the only riverway for flood prevention and control and pollution discharge in the main urban area of provincial capital, and not it is severely polluted.
片區內地下水水位埋深小於6.0m（南5.5m~北1.5m），由西南流向東北。地下水的主要補給源為大氣降水及上遊地區的側向徑流補給，其次是灌溉回滲及河流側滲等補給。
The buried depth of groundwater in the area is less than 6.0m (5.5m in the south ~ 1.5m in the north), which flows from the southwest to the northeast. The main supply source of groundwater is the atmospheric precipitation and the supply of side run-off from the upstream areas, followed by irrigation seepage back and side of the river lateral seepage.
2.3 綠地現狀
2.3 Present Condition of Greenbelt
目前來看，濟南市建成區綠化覆蓋率、綠地率和人均公共綠地面積分別達到35.6%、32.8%和10.8 m2，綠化覆蓋面積和公共綠地面積分別達到11877 hm2、3658 hm2，初步形成了具有泉城特色的生態園林綠地系統，但尚未達到國家生態園林城市的建設標準。建設部首批評出的11個國家生態園林城市的建成區綠化覆蓋率均在40%以上，人均公園綠地面積均超過13 m2/人，與這些城市相比，濟南市的綠地率和人均公園綠地面積等指標偏低，供人們遊憩的公共綠地偏少。
Currently, the green coverage rate, greening rate and per capita public green area in the built-up area of Jinan city reached 35.6%, 32.8% and 10.8 m2 respectively, and green coverage area and public green area reached 11877 hm2 and 3658 hm2 respectively, thus initially formed the ecological garden green space system with the characteristics of Spring City, but has not yet reached the construction standard of national ecological garden city. The green coverage rate of the built-up area in the first 11 national ecological garden cities rated by the Ministry of Construction is more than 40%, and the per capita green area is more than 13 m2 / person. Compared with these cities, the indicators of green space ratio and per capita park green area in Jinan are relatively low, and the public green space for the people’s recreation is relatively less.
3. 地下空間開發利用對生態環境的影響分析
3. Impact Analysis of underground space development and utilization on the ecological environment
3.1 地質環境
3.1 Geological Environment
規劃區地貌類型為山前衝洪積平原和黃河衝積平原，地形平坦，相對最大高差10.1m，沒有較陡的斜坡，沒有山溝（谷），因此，不具備形成崩塌、滑坡、泥石流地質災害的地質環境條件。區域開發不開採當地礦藏和地下水，因此不會發生嚴重的地面沉降。
The landform in the planning area is the piedmont alluvial-proluvial plain and Yellow River alluvial plain, which is flat in terrain, and the relative maximum height is 10.1m. There are no steep slopes or mountain valley (gorge). Therefore, it does not constitute the geological environment conditions for the geological disasters of collapses, landslides and mudslides etc. The local mineral resources and groundwater will not be exploited in the regional development, and therefore not serious land subsidence will occur.
3.2 地下水環境
3.2 Groundwater Environment
3.2.1 地下空間開發利用對地下水的影響
3.2.1 Impact on groundwater from the development and utilization of underground space
濟南以泉城聞名天下，城東的趵突泉更有天下第一泉的美譽，城區的發展必須考慮到對泉水的保護。濟南市區及城郊共有七十二股名泉，其中城區及周邊的趵突泉、五龍潭、黑虎泉、千佛山等名泉都距濟南西客站片區有一定的距離，而城郊的名泉大多分布在長清區、歷城區、平陰縣等地，距西客站片區更為遙遠。因此西客站核心片區地下空間開發利用基本不需要考慮對濟南泉水的破壞和影響。
Jinan is famous in the world for its springs, the Spouting Spring in the east of the city even has the reputation of 「The finest spring under the heaven」; thus the development of urban area must take the protection of the springs into account. There are 72 famous springs in urban and suburban areas of Jinan City, and the famous springs of Spouting Spring, Five Dragon Pool, Black Tiger Spring and Mount Qianfo are of a certain distance to the West Jinan Railway Station Area, while the famous springs in suburbs are mostly located in Changqing District, Licheng District and Pingyin County, which are even more distant from the West Railway Station Area. Hence the damage and impact of springs in Jinan is unnecessary to consider in the development and utilization of core area of West Railway Station Area.
在地下水較淺的地區進行深基坑開挖需要進行大面積的人工降水，這將導致地下水的「漏鬥式」下降, 使地下水的動力場和化學場發生變化，引起地下水中某些物理化學組分和微生物含量的變化，可能導致地下水的汙染逐步加劇，水質惡化。
The deep foundation pit excavation in areas of shallow groundwater requires a large area of artificial rainfall, which will lead to the "funnel type" descent of groundwater, which caused the changes of groundwater dynamic field and chemical field and cause the changes of certain physical and chemical constituents and microbial content in the groundwater, which may lead to the gradual aggravation of groundwater contamination and deterioration of water quality.
因規劃區南高北低,最高點33米，東北角最低,標高25.5米，最大高差8米，在地下工程建成之後，會對城市地下水環境形成一定的潛在影響，主要的表現有：阻滯地下水的排洩，改變地下水徑流的方向，引起地下水位的升降，若地下工程經過湖泊和古河道，則可能會誘發兩者貫通等[3]。
As in the planning area, the south is higher than the north, and the highest point is 33 meters, and the northeast corner is the lowest, the elevation is of 25.5 m and the maximum height is of 8 meters. After the underground project is completed, it will form a certain potential impact on the urban groundwater environment with the main manifestations of: resistance of groundwater drainage, changing of the flow direction of groundwater, causing the rise and fall of underground water level; if the underground project goes through the lakes and ancient riverways, it may induce the cut-through of them [3].
地下建(構)築物對地下水的攔截作用，使其兩側的地下水位發生變化，迎水面水位壅高，背水面下降，影響城市供水及地表植物的生長，進而影響整個城市的生態環境。
The interception of underground construction (structures) will cause the groundwater level change on both sides. The water level in the upstream face will be dammed, and the downstream face will be dropped, which will affect the urban water supply and growth of ground plant, thereby affecting the ecological environment of the entire city.
3.2.2 地下水保護措施
3.2.2 Groundwater protection measures
為了防止地下建築密度過高而切斷含水層，阻斷片區南、北部區域之間地下水的水力聯繫，一般地下建築物間距以50~100m為宜，特別是應儘量減少深度大、距離長、垂直於地下水流向的線狀建築物建設。在地鐵線路和地下環路經過的一定範圍內，應儘量避免再出現大密度、大深度的地下建（構）築物群。臘山河流域影響帶應避免地下空間的建設，防止地下水位抬高與汙染河水貫通。
In order to prevent the ground aquifer cut off by the building density which is too high, and the hydraulic connection of groundwater in the south and north areas, it is appropriate to set the underground buildings at the spacing of 50 to 100m, and in particular, to minimize the linear building construction with big depth, long distance, and is vertical to the groundwater flow direction. Within a certain range passed by the metro line and the underground ring road, the underground buildings (structures) group with high density and high depth should be avoided as possible. In the influence zone of Lashan River drainage basin, the construction in the underground space should be avoided to prevent the elevation of underground water level and the cut-through of polluted water river.
由於城市建設和道路硬化，雨水難以下滲，道路低洼處容易發生較深的積水，形成「市中心看海」的尷尬局面，給路人和過往車量造成危險，在北京也已發生過整車被淹沒的死亡案例，同時也給生態環境帶來巨大破壞。因而，諸如濟南西客站如此大規模的新區和地下空間建設，應在規劃階段就考慮到對城市雨洪災害的防範。常規的蓄洪涵形式如圖3所示，可以用於暴雨時的蓄水和日常的雨水利用。
Thanks to the urban construction and road hardening, the rainwater is difficult for the infiltration, and deeper ponding is easily formed in the road low-lying areas, forming the awkward situation of "seeing the sea in the downtown" and posing dangers to the passers-by and vehicles. There once occurred the deaths case of entire car was submerged in Beijing, and the ecological environment is also suffered from the tremendous damage. Thus, for such large scaled new district and underground space construction in West Jinan Railway Station, the prevention of urban rainwater disaster should be taken into account at the planning stage. The conventional flood storage culvert form is as shown in Figure 3, which can be used for storage of rainstorms and the utilization of daily rainwater.
3.3環境振動與噪音
3.3 Environmental Vibration and Noise
3.3.1 地下空間的振動與噪音
3.3.1 Vibration and noise of underground space
地下空間開發建設中，各種建築機械設備和建築運輸車輛是強烈的振源，建築施工振動因施工階段不同而強度和方向性有所變化。地下空間產生的施工振動有穩態振動、非穩態振動和脈衝振動三種。
During the development and construction of underground space, various construction machinery and equipment and construction transport vehicles are strong vibration sources and the building construction vibration will vary in intensity and direction due to different construction stages. There are three construction vibrations generated from underground space: steady-state vibration, unsteady-state vibration and pulse vibration.
軌道交通列車運行時產生的振動屬於隨機振動，包括：車輪與道岔鋼軌等碰撞引起的振動；車輪偏心等因素引起的周期性激振；機車以一定速度通過隧道時的動力作用產生的振動；軌道不平順等因素引起的隨機性激振[4]。
The vibration generated by rail trains running belongs to random vibration, which includes: vibration caused by the collision of vehicle wheel with rail of turnouts; periodic shock excitation caused by factors such as eccentricity of wheel; vibration generated by the dynamic action when the locomotive passing the tunnel at certain speed; random excitation caused by the factors such as orbit irregularity [4].
南京已建地鐵周邊實測情況如表2所示，其測距較北京地鐵稍遠，其中H表示軌道至地面距離。
The actual measurement of vibration of underground railway built in Nanjing is as shown in Table 2. Its measuring distance is a bit farther than the Beijing underground, where H is the distance from the rail to the ground.
規劃片區內有東西向的地鐵1號線以及南北向的地鐵6、7號線，考慮到60dB的噪音就可使70%以上的人煩躁和驚醒，80dB的噪音會致使10%的人耳聾，需對軌道交通周邊的規劃做出調整。
In the planning area, there are Metro Line 1 in the east to west direction, and Metro Line 6 and 7 in the south to north direction. Considering the fact that the noise of 60dB can make more than 70 % of people irritable and awakened, noise of 80dB will cause deafness of 10% people, hence the need for the adjustments of the surrounding planning of the rail transit.
3.3.2 環境振動與噪音控制
3.3.2 Environmental Vibration and Noise Control
在地下空間開發利用的具體規劃中，應避免強度較大的振源與聲源位於地上空間敏感區域的正下方。為避免振動的影響，與振源共用基礎上的區域應安排對振動不敏感的建築類型，對於地下軌道交通而言，應特別注意防止線路穿過文物古蹟建築、精密儀器實驗室、歌劇院等建築附近區域，需根據建築物對振動的要求選擇線路與這些建築物的距離，一般不低於30m。為防止噪聲影響，在採取有效的噪聲控制措施的情況下，距離聲源15~30m範圍的地下空間可以規劃安排對噪聲不是特別敏感的建築類型，30m以外可以規劃對噪聲敏感的建築類型。必要時對地鐵扣件、道床和敏感建築物內部設置隔振減震裝置。
In the specific planning of the development and utilization of underground space, the vibration source and sound source with greater intensity should be avoided to be located beneath the sensitive areas of floor space. To avoid the influence of vibration, building types which are insensitive to the vibration should be designed for the areas which share the same vibration source; for the underground rail transportation, special attention should be paid to prevent the line passing through the areas near the cultural relics and historic sites, precision instrument laboratory and opera houses etc. The distance of the lines to these buildings should be selected based on the requirement of the vibration by the buildings, which is generally not less than 30m. To prevent the impact from the noise, in the case of taking effective measures to control noise, for the underground space which is 15 ~ 30m from the sound source, building types which are not particularly sensitive to noise can be plane, and the building types which are noise-sensitive can be arranged beyond 30m. When necessary, vibration isolation and damping device can be set in the internal part of fasteners on the subway, track bed and sensitive buildings.
3.4 大氣環境
3.4 Atmospheric Environment
3.4.1城市交通隧道內空氣的汙染
3.4.1 Air pollution in urban tunnel traffic
作為解決城市交通擁堵的重要手段，城市地下通道在近年來得到了廣泛的建設，尤其是在解決舊城保護和交通規劃之間的矛盾問題時，越來越多的交通幹道開始採用隧道的形式。
As an important means to solve urban traffic congestion, urban underground passage has been widely constructed in recent years; especially when solving the contradictions between the old city protection and transportation planning, more and more traffic roads began to use the form of the tunnel.
隧道的建設也帶來了另一個重要問題，由於隧道均為封閉結構, 頻繁往來的各式車輛排放的尾氣將致使隧道空氣中尾氣質的濃度不斷增加，最主要的汙染物為粉塵(PM) 、一氧化碳( CO) 、碳氫化合物(HC) 和氮氧化物( NOx )。
The construction of the tunnel also brings up another important issue: since the tunnels are closed structures, emissions discharged by all kinds of vehicles which come and go frequently render the increasing concentration of the exhaust in the air of the tunnel. The main pollutants are dust (particle matter) (PM), Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
目前隧道的主要採用豎井方式，將大量隧道中未經處理的廢氣直接釋放到外部環境中，對隧道附近區域的空氣造成持續性低濃度環境汙染，從而對隧道周邊區域百姓身心健康造成極大影響，因此隧道洞口的設置往往會引致強烈的反對。因此，城市隧道內的廢氣汙染不僅僅是一個環境問題，還關係到人體健康和社會的穩定。
Currently, the vertical shaft is mainly used in the tunnel, through which a large number of untreated exhaust in the tunnel are directly discharged into the external environment, causing the sustained low concentrations of air pollution of the area near the tunnel, thus causing a great impact on the physical and psychological health of people lived in the surrounding areas near the tunnel. Therefore, the tunnel entrance settings often lead to the strong opposition. Thus, the air pollution in the urban tunnel is not just an environmental issue, but also related to human health and social stability.
3.4.2 地下交通的大氣環境效益
3.4.2 Atmospheric Environmental benefits of underground traffic
機動車排放汙染物的濃度與速率與行車速度成反比，擁堵是汙染的一大主要原因，地下軌道交通和地下快速道路可以緩解地面交通的擁堵情況[5]。 地面車速的提高將直接減少大面積的汙染物排放，地下車行道內的汙染物經高風塔排放，汙染物落地濃度會大大減小（圖4），如果經過一定空氣淨化工序處理後再經由排風口排放，將產生更大的環境效益。兩者相加對減緩城市大氣環境汙染作用明顯[6]。
The concentration and rate of motor vehicle pollutant emissions is inversely proportional to the vehicle speed, and congestion is the main reason for the pollution. The underground rail traffic and underground highway can relieve the congestion of the ground transportation [5]. The increase of ground vehicle speed will directly reduce the emissions of pollutants in large areas. If the contaminants in the underground roadway are emitted by high wind towers, then the concentration of pollutants in the ground will be greatly reduced (Figure 4); if emitted via the air vents after the certain treatment processes by the air purifier, greater environmental benefits will be generated. The combination of these two will bring even more significant mitigation to the atmospheric pollution in urban environments [6].
3.4.3地下交通汙染空氣治理建議
3.4.3 Treatment advices for underground traffic air pollution
(1) 總體來看，地下交通對城市環境的綜合效益利大於弊，應大力發展城市公共運輸系統，合理發展地下軌道交通。
(1) In general, the benefits of underground transportation outweigh the disadvantages to the comprehensive benefits of the urban environment, thus the urban public transport systems should be vigorously developed, and the underground rail transportation should be rationally developed.
(2) 地下建築宜採用節電、節能設計和技術。
(2) The electricity-saving, energy-saving design and technology should be adopted in the underground construction.
(3) 地下交通設施排風口的設計應注意其位置和高度避開人群，滿足有關排放標準要求。
(3) The air vents of underground transportation facilities should be designed with the special attention on its location and its height should be separated from the crowd, and it should meet the relevant emission standards.
(4) 必要時可對地下交通設施向大氣排出的汙染空氣進行一定的淨化處理。
(4) If necessary, certain air purification treatment can be made to the polluted air discharged to the atmosphere by the underground transportation facilities.
3.5 施工棄土
3.5 Construction Spoil
3.5.1 施工棄土的危害
3.5.1 Harms of construction spoil
濟南西客站片區規劃總用地近6平方公裡，建築面積1400萬m2，利用地下空間規模超過5000萬m3，地下空間的開發利用必然會產生大量的渣土，包括建築垃圾和施工棄土兩部分，其中以後者為主。如得不到妥善處理，將導致土地佔用、有毒棄土的環境汙染以及揚塵和水土流失汙染等多種生態環境問題，對濟南市的可持續發展產生不利的影響。
The total land for use in the Area Planning of West Jinan Railway Station is of nearly six square kilometers, and the construction area is of 1.4 million m2. The size for the utilization of underground space is more than 50 million m3. The development and utilization of underground space is bound to generate a lot of muck, which includes two parts of construction waste and construction spoil, and the latter is the principle one. If not properly treated, a variety of ecological and environmental problems such as land occupation, environmental pollution of toxic spoil, raise dust as well as water and soil erosion pollution will be rendered, thus causing adverse impact on the sustainable development in Jinan City.
3.5.2 施工棄土的處置
3.5.2 Disposition of construction spoil
處理施工棄土應儘量實現規劃區域內或者鄰近規劃區域之間的挖、填土平衡，減少運輸距離以及非法消納，對於仍無法平衡的棄土或者有毒棄土應就近調配往運輸距離合適的大型臨時消納場[7]。
The construction spoil should be disposed to achieve the balance between excavation and filling in the planned area or the vicinity of planning areas, and the reduction of transport distances and illegal consumption. For the spoil still cannot be balanced or toxic spoil, it should be deployed to the large temporary consumptive field with the nearest suitable transport distance [7].
3.6 綠化植被
3.6 Greening vegetation
3.6.1地下空間開發利用對綠化的影響
3.6.1 The impact on the greening by the development and utilization of underground space
城市地下空間開發將會改變原有地表土層結構，從而對地表植被的生長產生一定影響，主要表現在：
The development of urban underground space will change the original structure of the surface soil, thus cause certain impact on the growth of vegetation, which is mainly reflected in:
(1) 生長多年的喬、灌木根系可下扎深度一般在50~300cm，地下設施有限的覆土厚度對植物根系垂直生長產生影響；
(1) The roots growth depth of perennial arbors and shrubs are generally from 50 to 300cm. The limit thickness of covering soil of underground facilities will pose impact on the vertical growth of plant roots;
(2) 地下空間設施會使植物失去保水、透水的土壤底層，對植物根系生長水分供應產生影響；
(2) The underground space facilities will make plants lose the soil bottom layer with has the function of water retention and permeability, and also pose influence in the water supply to the plant root growth;
(3) 地下空間設施上植物根系在土壤中的分布變淺，容易受到地面溫度影響；
(3) The distribution of plant roots on the underground space facilities will become shallow and will be susceptible to ground temperature;
(4) 與實地生長的園林植物相比，地下設施上的覆土植物的長勢明顯降低。
(4) Compared with the garden plants grew in the field, the growth vigor of earthing plants on the underground facilities will be significantly reduced.
3.6.2 生態綠化保護
3.6.2 Ecological greening protection
(1) 制定區域地下空間開發規劃時，如果地表存在需要保護或保留的植被，應該考慮地下空間開發對其生長的影響，必要時諮詢當地園林專家。
(1) When developing the development planning of the regional underground space, if there is the vegetation on surface which should be protected or reserved, the impact on its growth by the underground space development should be considered; when necessary, the local garden experts should be consulted.
(2) 在城市綠地下空間開發區域，應保留適當的覆土厚度，並考慮適當的開發比例[8]。
(2) When developing areas under the urban green space, appropriate thickness of covering soil should be retained and the appropriate proportion of development should be considered [8].
(3) 對高大植物密集的區域以及地下水流梯度較大的區域建議不進行地下空間開發。
(3) The underground space development is not recommended for the areas with the dense cultivation of tall plants and those with larger gradient in groundwater flow.
(4) 在制定區域地下空間開發的規劃時，應結合區域環境現狀，提出相應的綠化控制標準，通過提高綠地系統的生態效益真正達到改善當地生態環境的效果。
(4) When developing the regional underground space development plan, the present condition of the area environment should be combined with the corresponding green control standards, and truly improve the effect of the local ecological environment by improving the ecological benefits of green space system.
4 結論
4 Conclusion
本文綜合分析了京滬高鐵濟南西客站片區地下空間開發利用過程中的地下水保護、地鐵周邊環境振動、城市道路交通所引起的空氣汙染以及施工棄土等生態環境保護問題，並據此在地下空間規劃中提出了以下幾點建議：
In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the groundwater protection in the process of development and utilization of underground space in the West Jinan Station of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway as well as the ecological and environmental protection problems of air pollution and construction spoil caused by the surrounding ambient vibration of subway and urban road traffic; and following recommendations are proposed accordingly in the underground space planning:
(1) 地下空間選址應考慮災害性地質條件影響，對開發區域內市政管網等設施應做好保護規劃。
(1) The impact of disasters geology condition should be considered in the site selection of underground space, and the conservation planning should be made to the facilities of municipal pipe network in the development area.
(2) 地下空間選址應當儘量避地下水流通道，並預留雨水下滲通道和空間。
(2) The groundwater flow channel should be avoided as possible for the site selection of underground space, and the channel and space for rainwater infiltration should be set aside.
(3) 城市地面大型綠地下空間開發利用應採取措施保證雨水下滲不受影響。
(3) Measures should be taken in the development and utilization of large urban green space underground space to ensure it is separated from the impact from the rainwater infiltration.
(4) 軌道交通線路宜遠離振動敏感區域和重要建築等環境保護目標；地下線路宜遠離大氣環境保護敏感區域和重要建築等環境保護目標。
(4) The rail transit line should be kept away from environmental protection targets which are vibration sensitive areas and important buildings; it is better for the underground lines to stay away from environmental protection targets which are sensitive areas to the atmospheric environmental protection and important buildings.
(5) 在規劃階段應對地下空間開挖過程中產生的施工棄土的運輸及消納制定合理方案。
(5) The reasonable program should be formulated for the construction spoil transportation and consumption generated in the excavation process of underground space in the course of the planning stage.
(6) 地下空間開發利用應滿足植物健康生長所需要的土層厚度、排水要求和地下生物通道等環境要求。
(6) The development and utilization of underground space should meet the environmental requirements of soil depth necessary for the healthy growth of plants, drainage requirements and underground biological channels.
本文成果可用於指導京滬高鐵濟南西客站片區地下空間開發利用中的生態環境保護，同時也是對《城市地下空間規劃規範》（徵求意見稿）中生態保護章節相關條文適用性的檢驗，這對今後國內大型地下空間開發過程中的生態環境保護有著重要的借鑑意義。
The results in this paper can be used to guide the ecological and environmental protection in the development and utilization of underground space in the West Jinan Station of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, and they are the examination of applicability of the relevant provisions in the chapters of ecological protection in the "Standard for urban underground space planning" (Exposure Draft) , which bears the reference significance in the ecological and environmental protection for the future domestic large underground space development process.