先觀看英文視頻，可腦記複述、筆記交傳或進行同傳。翻成中文後可參考Cora的筆記與中文音頻。聽不懂的部分，可查看詞彙與講解。非口譯專業者，可用作精聽練習素材。中文音頻為同傳而非交傳，同傳練習建議一次完成，交傳練習建議分兩次完成。
slaughter, herd, livestock, freshwater, sentient, sophisticated, windpipe, blood vessel, implant, scalable, two-dimensional, novel, exotic, coax, collagen, phyllo pastry, batch, insect, alligator, properties, opaque, sterile, brewery, bioreactor
cell, tissue, organ, system：細胞，組織，器官，系統。
a breeding ground for disease：breeding ground溫床，同義詞還有hotbed，講者指密集型養殖會為疾病創造溫床。想要具體了解密集型養殖(intensive farming)的危害，請查看往期推送：
【中英交傳】74、工業化飼養的殘酷真相
biofabrication：生物製造。使用3D列印技術，將細胞、細胞外間質、纖維等原材料製成人類的組織或器官，最終的成品可用於藥物研究、生物實驗或替換病變受傷的組織、器官等。
biofabrication
穿刺活檢
cell culture medium：細胞培養基。
extracellular matrix：細胞外間質，是動物組織的一部分，不屬於任何細胞。
building block：基本成分，組成部分，文中指膠原蛋白是組成皮革的基本成分。
tanning：鞣製，不是美黑哈。使用鞣酸(tannin)改變動物皮革的理化特性，使其更加堅韌、不易腐敗，有時也會改變皮革顏色。
(grow this leather) from the ground up：from the ground up從頭開始做。文中指從細胞開始由下至上生產皮革，而不是把動物養大之後再剝皮。
(perhaps we're ready for something) literally and figuratively cultured：cultured有兩重意思：1、有教養的；2、人工培養的。這裡講者使用了雙關，指人工培養的皮革是更加文明的選擇。
嘗試了一下兒化音（片兒），作為南方人我還是決定放棄
When my father and I started a company to 3D print human tissues and organs, some people initially thought we were a little crazy. But since then, much progress has been made, both in our lab and other labs around the world. And given this, we started getting questions like, "If you can grow human body parts, can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
When someone first suggested this to me, quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy, but what I soon came to realize was that this is not so crazy after all. What's crazy is what we do today. I'm convinced that in 30 years, when we look back on today and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to make our hamburgers and our handbags, we'll see this as being wastefuland indeed crazy. Did you know that today we maintain a global herd of 60 billion animals to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods? And over the next few decades, as the world's population expands to 10 billion, this will need to nearly double to 100 billion animals.
But maintaining this herd takes a major toll on our planet. Animals are not just raw materials.They're living beings, and already our livestock is one of the largest users of land, fresh water, and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases which drive climate change. On top of this,when you get so many animals so close together, it creates a breeding ground for disease and opportunities for harm and abuse. Clearly, we cannot continue on this path which puts the environment, public health, and food security at risk.
There is another way, because essentially, animal products are just collections of tissues, and right now we breed and raise highly complex animals only to create products that are made of relatively simple tissues. What if, instead of starting with a complex and sentient animal, we started with what the tissues are made of, the basic unit of life, the cell?
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves can be used to grow biological products like tissues and organs. Already in medicine, biofabrication techniques have been used to grow sophisticated body parts, like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone, that have been successfully implanted into patients. And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
And we should begin by reimagining leather. I emphasize leather because it is so widely used. It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history. Growing leather is also technically simplerthan growing other animal products like meat. It mainly uses one cell type, and it is largely two-dimensional. It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators. Until biofabrication is better understood, it is clear that, initially at least, more people would be willing to wear novel materialsthan would be willing to eat novel foods, no matter how delicious. In this sense, leather is a gateway material, a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry. If we can succeed here,it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat closer on the horizon.
Now how do we do it? To grow leather, we begin by taking cells from an animal, through a simple biopsy. The animal could be a cow, lamb, or even something more exotic. This process does no harm, and Daisy the cow can live a happy life. We then isolate the skin cells and multiply them in a cell culture medium. This takes millions of cells and expands them into billions. And we then coax these cells to produce collagen, as they would naturally. This collagen is the stuff between cells. It's natural connective tissue. It's the extracellular matrix, but in leather, it's the main building block. And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen and we spread them out to form sheets, and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another, like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets, which we then let mature. And finally, we take this multilayered skin and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process, we create leather. And so I'm very excited to show you, for the first time, the first batch of our cultured leather, fresh from the lab.This is real, genuine leather, without the animal sacrifice. It can have all the characteristics of leather because it is made of the same cells, and better yet, there is no hair to remove, no scars or insect's bites, and no waste. This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet, a handbag or a car seat. It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow or an alligator.
And because we make this material, we grow this leather from the ground up, we can control its properties in very interesting ways. This piece of leather is a mere seven tissue layers thick, and as you can see, it is nearly transparent. And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque. You don't have that kind of fine control with conventional leather. And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities, like softness, breathability, durability, elasticity and even things like pattern. We can mimic nature, but in some ways also improve upon it. This type of leather can do what today's leather does, but with imagination, probably much more.
What could the future of animal products look like? It need not look like this, which is actually the state of the art today. Rather, it could be much more like this. Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures for thousands of years, beginning with products like wine, beer and yogurt. And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved, and today we prepare cultured food in beautiful, sterile facilities like this. A brewery is essentially a bioreactor. It is where cell culture takes place. Imagine that in this facility, instead of brewing beer, we were brewing leatheror meat. Imagine touring this facility, learning about how the leather or meat is cultured, seeing the process from beginning to end, and even trying some. It's clean, open and educational, and this is in contrast to the hidden, guarded and remote factories where leather and meat is produced today. Perhaps biofabrication is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind. It's environmentally responsible, efficient and humane. It allows us to be creative. We can design new materials, new products, and new facilities. We need to move past just killing animals as a resource to something more civilized and evolved. Perhaps we are ready for something literally and figuratively more cultured.
Thank you.
☟多多關注，會有更多ci資訊和學習資料哦~☟