七，裸鼴鼠
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/naked-mole-rat-colonies-speak-communicate-unique-dialects
裸鼴鼠是哺乳動物，但其行為與螞蟻相似：它們具有一個繁殖女王的殖民地，該繁殖女王抑制了數十至數百隻挖掘繁瑣的地下隧道的非繁殖工鼠的繁殖。他們還有另一個相似之處，那就是裸鼴鼠很擅長合作和交流。數名研究人員利用機器學習的計算能力在兩年內分析了來自七個實驗室殖民地的30,000多個族群。分析表明，每個族群都有獨特的聲音，主要是頻率變化，單個族群內頻率變化很少。這些微小的變化可以被這些鼠發現，並且它們是否能夠分辨出另一個裸鼴鼠是否是其殖民地的一部分。此外，這些方言不是固定的，當一個女王死後，統治時期之間的方言變化不一，在任命了一位新女王后，它就變成了另一種方言。這種行為不僅證明了裸鼴鼠的合作技巧，而且還證明了他們運行著一個由女王控制的系統。(採編：張樂嘉/翻譯：張樂嘉)
Naked Mole-rats
Naked mole-rats aremammals, yet their behavior is similar to that of ants: they have colonies witha single breeding queen who suppresses the reproduction of tens to hundreds of nonbreeding worker rats that dig elaborate subterranean tunnels. Anothersimilarity they have is that naked mole-rats are great at cooperating andcommunicating. Several researchers leveraged the computing power of machinelearning to analyze over 30,000 「soft chirps」 from seven laboratory coloniesover two years. The analysis revealed that each colony had a unique sound,varying primarily in frequency and how much that frequency changes within asingle chirp. These small changes can be detected by these mole-rats and ifthey were able to tell whether another mole-rat was part of their colony.Additionally, these dialects are not fixed, when one queen dies, the periodbetween the rulership had varying dialects and it reformed into one dialectafter a new queen was appointed. This behavior not only demonstrates thecooperative skills of naked mole-rats but also that they run a system in whichthe queen is in control.
八，鑽石能夠承受的壓力超過地球核心壓力的五倍
科學家最近報告說，即使壓縮到令人震驚的2萬億帕斯卡（地球核心壓力的五倍多）後，鑽石的結構仍然不會改變。這項研究表明，鑽石在高壓下是亞穩態的：儘管在這種條件下應該有其他更穩定的結構佔，但鑽石仍會保持它的結構。鑽石是碳的幾種變體之一，每種碳都由不同的原子排列組成。在地球表面的正常壓力下，碳最穩定的狀態是石墨。但是，在強力擠壓下，鑽石會比碳更穩定；這就是碳進入地球內部後形成鑽石的原因。但是科學家已經預測，在比地球內部更高的壓力下，應該有一些新的，比鑽石更加穩定的晶體結構。因此，物理學家在加州的勞倫斯·利弗莫爾國家實驗室的國家點火設施利用了強烈的雷射來打擊鑽石。對材料結構的X射線測量表明，鑽石的立體結構並沒有變，表明它即使在極端壓力下也是是亞穩的。研究超強壓力下的鑽石的性質可能有助於我們了解碳含量較高的系外行星的內部。（採編/翻譯：賀英博）
Diamond holdsup at pressures more than five times those in Earth’s core
Surprisingly, diamond’s structure persists evenwhen compressed to 2 trillion pascals, more than five times the pressure inEarth’s core, scientists report. The study suggests that diamond is metastableat high pressures: It retains its structure despite the fact that other, morestable structures are expected to dominate under such conditions. Diamond isone of several varieties of carbon, each composed of a different arrangement ofatoms. At everyday pressures on Earth’s surface, carbon’s most stable state isgraphite. But given a forceful squeeze, diamond wins out. That’s why diamondsform after carbon takes a plunge inside Earth. But at higher pressures thanthose found inside Earth, scientists had predicted that new crystal structureswould be more stable. So, physicists pummeled diamond with powerful lasers atLawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s National Ignition Facility inCalifornia. X-ray measurements of the material’s structure revealed thatdiamond persisted, suggesting it is metastable under extreme pressure. Studyingdiamond’s quirks at extreme pressures could help reveal the inner workings ofcarbon-rich exoplanets.