生物中，對
光合作用以及
呼吸作用是生物學中非常重要的概念，有的學生一開始學就滿頭霧水，經過長期的閱讀和複習，甚至有出現混淆二者的情況。這實數不該，因為在paper4中，光合作用、呼吸作用這兩個章節考的主要都是死板的知識點，哪怕有一些分析，也都是在淺顯的知識上稍加思考就能得出來的。可以說是必須拿到的分數。最簡單的層面一定要牢牢記住，光合作用是利用太陽的能量去生產葡萄糖，油脂等大分子有機物去儲存能量。而呼吸作用則是相反，他是釋放能量的過程，主要能量來源就是這些大分子有機物，葡萄糖，蛋白質，油脂。
2.呼吸作用 mitochondria and cytoplasm那麼我們先來仔仔細細的看看光合作用吧。光合作用可以分成兩個大部分，
light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction。以下的 文字三馬將用英文寫，這樣大家記住之後，就可以更輕鬆的寫進試卷。
1.light dependent reaction (Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation)-Accessory pigments in PSII absorb photons of light, and the energy is passed onto primary pigment (chlorophyll�).-electrons on the primary pigment are excited （photoactivation） to a higher energy level causing them to escape and also causes the splitting (or photolysis) of water molecules.-O2 diffuses out of the chloroplast and into the air. Also, the protons build up in the thylakoid lumen causing a gradient to be formed and The electrons in water replace the electrons that have left the primary pigment.-The excited electrons are taken up by electrons acceptor, and are passed down electron carrier chain. They are passed from PSII to carrier proteins, where the energy is used to pump protons from stroma to lumen; then to PSI, where more light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules and the electrons is excited again.-The Electrons then recombine with a proton to form a hydrogen atom, which is taken up by the hydrogen carrier NADP forming Reduced NADP.-The combination of the water splitting and the proton pumping caused protons to build up inside the thylakoid lumen, generating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. ATP is therefore photophosphorylated using the ATP synthase enzyme in exactly the same way as respiration.
light dependent reaction（Cyclic photophosphorylation）-Electron photoactivated and instead of falling back into the photosystem and loosing energy as thermal energy, the excited electron is captured by electron acceptor.
-It is then passed on via a chain of electron carriers, during which, enough energy is released to synthesize ATP by chemiosmosis.-Electron then returns back to Photosystem I. (refer the above diagram)
2.light independent reaction-Occurs in the stroma of chloroplast and is called the Calvin Cycle. All the ATP and Reduced NADP is taken from the light dependent stage.
-Carbon dioxide binds to the 5-carbon sugar ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form an unstable intermediate, this is catalysed by the enzyme rubisco. The intermediate is then broken down to form 2 molecules of (3C) glycerate phosphate (GP).-GP is reduced and activated to form triose phosphate (TP). The ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy for this step. The ADP and NADP return to the thylakoid membrane for recycling.-Most of the triose phosphate continues through a series of reactions to regenerate the RuBP using ATP and complete the cycle-Some of the triose phosphate molecules combine to form glucose, starch for storage, cellulose for cell walls and sucrose for translocation around the plant.-Others converted to glycerol and fatty acids to produce lipids for cell membranes or acetyl coenzyme A (CoA).以上就是光合作用的所有反應細節，那麼現在我們來詳細看看呼吸作用的反應細節。呼吸作用的小步驟會比光合作用更多，但是不需要記住那麼多語言描述。
1.Glycolysis in cytoplasm 2. link reaction in matrix要記住 這裡是reduced NAD 而不是 NADP.大綱沒有說要記住具體詳細的過程，也是一樣，對於物質之間的轉化清楚就好。
4.Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Electron transport chain (ETC) in Cristae-Reduced NAD and FAD are passed to the electron transport chain and they release Hydrogen which then splits up into H+ and 2e--Electrons flow down ETC release energy to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space producing a proton gradient and H+ then move down conc. gradient through ATP synthase and form H2O by combining with oxygen and the 2e--ADP + Pi ATP , also occurs while the hydrogen passes through the ATP synthase and uses hydrogens electrical potential energy for chemiosmosis其實要想把生物的各個難的過程搞明白，最最重要的就是在於理解，勤於發問，並自己思考解答，或求助於同班老師，光合作用和有氧呼吸作用算是相對複雜的過程了，希望同學們有時間就打開這片文章看一看，做到熟練。那麼怎麼樣算是熟練呢，這就取決於你自己的對於自己的定位和標準了，如果在自己的思考理解中有任何的問題，歡迎及時地告訴三馬，獲得詳細的解答。
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