含硼中間體參與的羥醛縮合反應在碳碳鍵的形成的反應中有極高的立體選擇性。此反應的非對映立體選擇性得益於硼氧鍵鍵長較短,進而導致硼的烯醇鹽與醛形成了一個穩定的六元椅式中間過渡態。Z-烯醇鹽與醛反應得到syn構型羥醛產物,而E-烯醇鹽得到anti構型產物。
通過使用具有手性輔助基團的烯醇化合物可以得到立體化學純度很高的羥醛縮合產物。D.AEvans 等發現通過由S-纈氨酸或(1S,2R)-去甲麻黃鹼製備的惡唑烷酮類化合物製備的羥醛縮合產物有很好的光學純度。通過手性助劑進行的非對稱羥醛縮合反應都稱為Evans羥醛縮合反應。
反應機理:用Zimmerman-Traxler六元環過渡態模型(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1920.) 能夠較好的解釋說明底物與產物立體化學見得關係。因為醛的取代基處在平伏位置的過渡態穩定,有烯醇的立體特異性決定產物的立體化學。下面以syn羥醛縮合產物為例,只有過渡態A是優勢構型,可以得到產物,因為其各基團的空間位阻較小,烯醇氧和羰基的偶極矩相反,比其他狀態穩定。
反應有如下特點:1) N-醯基惡唑烷酮在標準條件下(1.1eq Bu2BOTf,1.2 eqdiisopropylamine,0 oC, 30 min)可以得到單一構型的Z-烯醇鹽;2) 得到的Z-烯醇硼鹽和各種醛進行羥醛縮合得到的syn 羥醛縮合產物具有很高的非對映立體選擇性和光學純度;3) 當含有手性基團的醛反應時,烯醇鹽的立體結構的影響起決定作用;4) 由N-乙醯基惡唑烷酮得到烯醇硼鹽進行的羥醛縮合具有很低的立體選擇性,不過這個可以在乙醯基的α位引入像SR等可以被還原的基團來解決這一問題;5) 有很多方法可以在不影響光學純度的前提下替換手性惡唑烷酮助劑:水解和酯交換(LiOH,LiOOH, LiOR, LiSEt),還原(LiAlH4)和轉化為Weinreb醯胺(Me(OMe)NH, Me3Al)。另外自從Evans 報導了惡唑烷酮類手性助劑,又有大量的新的基團修飾方法被發現,Evans手性助劑除了應用於羥醛縮合,還成功的用於烯醇鹽的烷基化,烯醇鹽的醯基化,烯醇鹽的胺基化和羥基化反應中。
反應的操作步驟實例:
To acooled (internal temperature 0 oC)solution of 17.4 g (74.4 mmol) ofpropionyloxazolidinone 2 in 150 mL of (anhydrous) CH2Cl2 was added 20.6 mL (81.9mmol) of di-n-butylboron triflate followedby 14.0 mL (100 mmol) of Et3N. After 10 min, the light yellowsolution was cooled to -70 oC and a solution of 7.10 g (84.4 mmol)of 4-pentenal in 35 mL of (anhydrous)CH2Cl2 was added via cannula. The resultingsolution was stirred for 1.5 h at -70 oC and for 1 h at 0 oCand then quenched by addition of 80 mL of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 150 mL ofmethanol. After the solution was stirred for 10 min at 0 oC, asolution of 80 mL of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide in 200 mL of methanol wasadded slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 oCand then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with one400 mL and two 50 mL portions of EtOAc, and the combined organic extracts werewashed with two 100 mL portions of 5% aqueous NaHCO3, and 200 mL ofbrine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography(10 X 21 cm of silica gel, 30%EtOAc/hexanes) provided 21.2 g (66.9 mmol, 90%) of adduct 3 as acolorless oil。
反應實例:
參考文獻:1. Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in OrganicSynthesis, László Kürti and Barbara Czakó, Evans aldol reaction, page 214.
2. http://www.chem-station.com/cn/?p=1291