讀聖賢書，所學何事？而今而後，庶幾無愧。
Briefing nuclear proliferation
簡說核擴散
Who’s next?
誰是下一個？
Nuclear proliferation is not fast. But it is still frightening
核擴散速度不快，但是它仍在威脅著我們
英文選自0130經濟學人》Leaders板塊
譯審：Giulietta, Maggie, Matthew 編輯：Robin
In March 1963 President John Kennedy lamented his failure to negotiate a ban on nuclear tests. 「Personally,」 he warned, 「I am haunted by the feeling that by 1970, unless we are successful, there may be ten nuclear powers instead of four—and by 1975, 15 or 20.」
1963年3月，約翰·甘迺迪總統對他未能就禁止核試驗進行表示遺憾。「就我個人而言，」他警告說，「我一直有一種感覺，到1970年，除非我們取得成功，否則可能會有10個核大國而不是4個，到1975年，可能會有15個或20個。」
■單詞釋義
lament/ləˈmɛnt/ 【v.】If you lament something, you express your sadness, regret, or disappointment about it. 感到悲痛; 感到遺憾; 感到失望 [FORMAL, WRITTEN]■積累
behaunted by the feeling某種感覺縈繞心頭
Kennedy was wrong. While many countries explored the idea of nuclear weapons from the 1950s to the 1990s, comparatively few took the next step of actually trying to develop the ability to build them (see chart on following page). Of those few some stopped because the country itself dissolved (Yugoslavia), some because of changes to domestic politics (Brazil), some because of pressure from allies (South Korea) and some through force of arms (Iraq).
甘迺迪錯了。儘管許多國家從20世紀50年代到90年代探索核武器的概念，但是，相對而言，很少有國家真正採取下一步的行動，試圖發展它們的能力（見下一頁的圖表）。在這少數幾個國家中，有些是因為國家本身解體（南斯拉夫）而停止的，有些是因為國內政治的變化（巴西），一些是因為盟國（韓國）的壓力，一些是因為武力鎮壓（伊拉克）。
■單詞釋義
dissolve/dɪˈzɒlv/【v.】When an organization or institution is dissolved, it is officially ended or broken up. 解散 (組織或機構)■積累
force of arms武力
The parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) now include 185 countries which have renounced the nuclear path, as well as five nuclear-weapon states that the treaty recognizes as such—America, Britain, China, France and Russia. The four nuclear states outside the treaty either never signed it (India, Israel and Pakistan) or withdrew from it (North Korea).
《不擴散核武器條約》（NPT）的締約國現在包括185個放棄走核道路的國家，以及該條約承認的五個核武器國家，如美國、英國、中國、法國和俄羅斯。條約之外的四個核國家要麼從未籤署條約（印度、以色列和巴基斯坦），要麼退出了條約（朝鮮）。
■單詞釋義
renounce/rɪˈnaʊns/【v.】If you renounce a belief or a way of behaving, you decide and declare publicly that you no longer have that belief or will no longer behave in that way. 宣布放棄 (信仰、行為方式)■積累
Non-Proliferation Treaty《不擴散核武器條約》
Nine nuclear-weapon states is a long way from Kennedy’s nightmare. What is more, recent years have seen increasing interest in moving beyond the NPT’s preservation of the status quo and pushing for a world in which nuclear weapons are illegitimate. This is the goal of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which commits its parties to not making, using or hosting nuclear weapons. Having been ratified by 52 of its 86 signatories, it entered into force on January 22nd.
九個核武器國家離甘迺迪的噩夢還很遠。此外，近年來，人們越來越有興趣超越《不擴散條約》維持現狀的範疇，推動建立一個核安全的世界。這是《禁止核武器條約》的目標，該條約讓締約國承諾不製造、使用或擁有核武器。經86個籤署國中的52個國家批准，該法案於1月22日生效。
What is more, recent years have seen increasing interest in moving beyond the NPT’s preservation of the status quo and pushing for a world in which nuclear weapons are illegitimate.這句話如何翻譯？
此外，近年來，人們越來越有興趣超越《不擴散條約》維持現狀的範疇，推動建立一個核安全的世界。
■單詞釋義
Ratify/ˈrætɪˌfaɪ/ 【v.】When national leaders or organizations ratify a treaty or written agreement, they make it official by giving their formal approval to it, usually by signing it or voting for it. 批准 (條約或書面協議) signatory/ˈsɪɡnətərɪ/【n.】The signatories of an official document are the people, organizations, or countries that have signed it. 籤約人; 籤約組織; 籤約國 [正式]
■積累
enter into force生效
But this 「nuclear ban」 is born as much from frustration as from hope. The NPT was a deal in which non-nuclear-weapon states got both access to civilian nuclear technology and a commitment that the nuclear-weapon states would seek to negotiate disarmament. Though the American, Russian, French and British arsenals did shrink after the end of the cold war, there has been little progress since. Indeed there hasbeen some backsliding. America left the Anti-BallisticMissile Treaty in 2002 and the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (which Russia was breaking) in 2019.
但是，這一「核禁令」的出臺既是出於希望，也是出於失望。《不擴散核武器條約》是一項協議，讓無核武器國家既能獲得民用核技術，又是一個承諾，讓核武器國家能尋求裁軍談判。儘管美國、俄羅斯、法國和英國的軍火庫在冷戰結束後確實有所收縮，但自那以後幾乎沒有任何進展。確實有一些倒退。美國在2002年退出了《反彈道飛彈條約》，在2019年退出了《中程核力量條約》(俄羅斯正在打破該條約)。
■單詞釋義
disarmament/dɪsˈɑːməmənt/
【n.】Disarmament is the act of reducing the number of weapons, especially nuclear weapons, that a country has. 裁減軍備 (尤指核武器)
backsliding/ˈbækslaɪdɪŋ/
【n.】If you accuse someone of backsliding, you disapprove of them because they have failed to do something they promised or agreed to do, or have started again doing something undesirable that they had previously stopped doing. 墮落
■積累
NPT (Nuclear Non ProliferationTreaty) 核不擴散條約
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty《反彈道飛彈條約》
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty 《中程核力量條約》
The New start treaty, a ten-year-old cap on American and Russian nuclear forces to which Presidents Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin agreed a five-year extension on January 26th, is now the only bilateral arms-control agreement that binds the two countries. A grimpanoply of new American and Russian weapons has been announced in recent years, from American miniature warheads to Russian underwater drones designed to drench coastal areas in radioactive fallout. China, for its part, has been upgrading its initially modest nuclear forces into considerably more than the bare-bones deterrent they once were.
上限十年的美俄核力量《新條約條款》，喬·拜登總統和弗拉基米爾·普京總統於1月26日同意將其延長五年，現在它是唯一約束兩國的雙邊軍備控制協議。近年來，美俄兩國宣布了一系列令人生畏的新型武器，從美國的微型彈頭到俄羅斯設計的用於使沿海地區浸滿放射性沉降物的水下無人機。就中國而言，中國一直在升級其最初規模不大的核力量，使之大大超過曾經的最基本的威懾力量。
a ten-year-old cap此處怎麼翻譯？
上限十年的美俄核力量《新條約條款》
■單詞釋義
grim /ɡrɪm/
【adj.】A situation or piece of information that is grim is unpleasant, depressing, and difficult to accept. 嚴酷的; 令人沮喪的
panoply /ˈpænəplɪ/
【n.】A panoply of things is a wide range of them, especially one that is considered impressive. 大批
■積累
miniature warheads微型彈頭
radioactive fallout 放射性沉降物
As major nuclear powers have added to their nuclear capabilities some proliferators have paid little price for acquiring them. Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova of the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation points out that in the late 1990s America’s policy was to「cap, roll back and eliminate」 the embryonic Indian and Pakistani arsenals through sanctions and censure. But as it became clearer that India would serve as a bulwark against Chinese power, America bent its own rules to allow civilian nuclear co-operation and helped ease India into international regimes governing nuclear exports.
隨著主要核大國增加了自己的核能力，一些核擴散者為獲得這些能力幾乎沒有付出什麼代價。維也納裁軍與防擴散中心的Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova指出，在20世紀90年代末，美國的政策是通過制裁和譴責來「限制、削減和消除」印度和巴基斯坦的新生軍火庫。但隨著印度將成為對抗中國力量的堡壘這一點變得越來越清晰，美國改變了自己的規則，允許民用核合作，並幫助印度放鬆進入管理核出口的國際制度。
■單詞釋義
embryonic /ˌɛmbrɪˈɒnɪk/
【adj.】An embryonic process, idea, organization, or organism is one at a very early stage in its development. 萌芽階段的; 非常初期的
bulwark /ˈbʊlwək/
【n.】A bulwark against something protects you against it. A bulwark of something protects it. 防護; 堡壘
■積累
roll back削減
international regime 國際制度
Great-power sabrerattling, a sense that some countries get to bend the rules and a reassessment of America’s role as a stead fast ally during the presidency of Donald Trump may all have provoked interest in proliferation. What is more, though the bomb’s spread has slowed, it has never stopped—and proliferation begets proliferation, whatever speed it unrolls at. Iran’s nuclear programme spooks Saudi Arabia. North Korea’s arsenal casts a darkening shadow over South Korea and Japan.
大國之間的劍拔弩張、一些國家可以篡改規則的感覺，以及重新評估美國在唐納·川普擔任總統期間作為堅定盟友的角色，可能都引發了對核擴散的興趣。更重要的是，儘管原子彈的擴散速度已經放緩，但從未停止過--而且無論擴散的速度有多快，擴散都會引發擴散。伊朗的核計劃嚇到了沙烏地阿拉伯。朝鮮的軍火庫給韓國和日本蒙上了一層陰影。
■單詞釋義
sabre /ˈseɪbə/
【n.】A sabre is a heavy sword with a curved blade that was used in the past by soldiers on horseback. 軍刀
rattle /ˈrætəl/
【v.】When something rattles or when you rattleit, it makes short, sharp, knocking sounds because it is being shaken or itkeeps hitting against something hard. 使發出嘎嘎聲; 發出嘎嘎聲
beget/bɪˈɡɛt/
【v.】To beget something means to cause it to happen or be created. 導致
spook/spuːk/
【v.】If people are spooked, something has scared them or made them nervous. 使...嚇壞; 使...緊張
■積累
casta darkening shadow over 蒙上陰影
bend the rules 篡改規則
英文中代詞翻譯
英文中代詞的翻譯要注意以下幾點：
1英譯漢時，多用名詞，將英文中代詞翻譯成漢語中對應的名詞，而不是漢語中的代詞，或者省略；漢譯英時，多用代詞代替中文字的名詞。
2一個英文單詞如果中文裡沒有對應詞，則它為中間語言，翻譯時照搬該單詞。
3代詞要指明要點；代詞的翻譯要不抽象，要具體。
ALP英語
2021.02.04
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