核糖核苷酸是RNA的基本單位,它們會在DNA複製和修復過程中嵌入基因組DNA,進而影響基因組的穩定性。然而,迄今為止人們還無法鑑定和定位這些插入DNA的核糖核苷酸。
喬治亞理工學院和科羅拉多大學的科學家們開發了一種新測序技術,Ribose-seq。該技術可以鑑定和分析插入基因組DNA的核糖核苷酸。這一成果發表在1月26日的Nature Methods雜誌上。
研究人員利用這一技術在釀酒酵母的細胞核和線粒體DNA中,繪製了核糖核苷酸的完全圖譜,鑑定了核糖核苷酸插入的「熱點」區域。研究顯示,核糖核苷酸嵌入很普遍但並不是隨機發生的。
Hotspots of rNMP incorporation in S.cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA, rDNA repeat and Ty1.
(a) Ribose-seq map of rNMPs in a 3-kbbwindow (39001–42000) of mitochondrial DNA showing enriched regions of rNMP incorporation.
(b) Map of rNMPs in the COB mitochondrial locus (left). Zoom-in map (right) with sequence at the hotspot site( underlined ).
(c) Map of rNMPs in the first of two rDNA bb repeat loci on Chr XII, based on alignment data from the two loci of theb reference genome (left). Zoom-in map (right) of the rDNA hotspot.
(d) Map of rNMPs in the Ty1 locus YDRC Ty1-1 on Chr IV based on multiple-alignment data from several Ty1 loci (left).Zoom-in map (right) of the Ty1 hotspot. Results are shown for rnh201Δ (KK-100)cells.
核糖核苷酸是DNA中豐度最高的非標準核苷酸,但迄今為止人們還無法確定它們的位置和類別,核糖核苷酸插入會改變DNA的結構和功能。核糖核苷酸裡的羥基(OH)能使DNA發生扭曲,形成敏感性位點。OH和鹼性溶液之間的反應,會讓DNA更容易被切割。Ribose-seq就是利用這一反應來檢測核糖核苷酸插入事件的,Ribose-seq還可以在DNA遭遇環境壓力發生斷裂和脫鹼基時分析rNMP。
研究人員先在核糖核苷酸處切割DNA,然後在此基礎上構建DNA文庫,文庫中的DNA序列包含核糖核苷酸插入位點及其上遊序列。隨後,他們對文庫進行高通量測序,將測序讀取與參考基因組進行比對,最終獲得rNMP插入事件的基因組圖譜。
Ribose-seq method for mapping rNMPs ingenomic DNA.
(a) AtRNL captures 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate(cP) or 2′-phosphate (2′P) DNA termini, and does not capture3′-phosphate (3′P) DNA termini (indicated in parentheses), generated by alkaline cleavage of a singler GMP in a 5′-radiolabeled 47-nt ssDNA oligon ucleotide
(b) Schematic of the ribose-seq protocol. Genomic DNA is fragmented, dA-tailed and ligated to a molecularbarcode–containing sequencing adaptor. Alkali treatment denatures the DNAand cleaves at rNMP sites, exposing 2′,3′-cyclicphosphate and 2′-phosphate termini, which are self-ligated to 5′-phosphateends by AtRNL. Linear, unligated fragments are degraded by T5 exonuclease andthe remaining rNMP-captured, circular DNA molecules, upon removal of the 2′-phosphateat the ligation junction by the 2′-phosphotransferase Tpt1, are PCR-amplified and sequenced. UMI,unique molecular identifier. R in black indicates
Ribose-seq能夠特異性直接捕捉嵌入DNA的核糖核苷酸,該技術適用於任何基因組DNA(從細胞核基因組、質粒DNA到線粒體DNA),不需要進行標準化。Ribose-seq還可以在DNA遭遇環境壓力發生斷裂和脫鹼基時分析。核糖核苷酸裡的羥基是ribose-seq的關鍵,研究人員在釀酒酵母中對這一方法進行了驗證。不論是核糖核苷酸的插入位點,還是核糖核苷酸的組成都存在偏好。下一步,研究人員將把ribose-seq用於其它DNA,這一技術可以用於任何生物的任何細胞類型,只要能提取出基因組DNA。
Distribution of rNMP incorporation in theS. cerevisiae genome.
Ribose-seq map of rNMPs in genomic DNA from rnh201Δ(KK-100) cells. The data, as peaks of rNMP reads, are shown for the individual nuclear chromosomes (Chr I–XVI) and the two strands of mitochondrial DNA (ChrM). The height of each peak corresponds to the number of reads. A comparison ofnuclear and mitochondrial rNMP reads for Watson (W) and Crick (C) strands isalso displayed. Raw sequencing reads are available at NCBI GEO39 under accession code GSE61464.
除了DNA修復和複製以外,藥物、環境壓力和其它因子造成的損傷也會使核糖核苷酸插入DNA。而Ribose-seq可以幫助人們研究這些過程產生的影響。Ribose-seq能有助於更好的理解核糖核苷酸對DNA結構和功能的影響,鑑定特徵性的核糖核苷酸插入,可以找到人類疾病的新生物學指標。
原文檢索:
Ribose-seq: global mapping of ribonucleotides embedded in genomic DNA
http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmeth.3259.html
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