近期,被稱為「地球之肺」的亞馬孫熱帶雨林發生特大森林火災。截至當地時間26日,大火已持續燃燒了三個星期。
亞馬遜雨林是全球最大的雨林,佔世界雨林總面積的一半,生產著大氣層20%的氧氣,因此被譽為「地球之肺」。
雨林橫跨了9個國家,但約有三分之二的面積在巴西境內。雨林物種豐富,被視為減緩全球暖化的重要幫手。
The largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon is a vital carbon store that slows down the pace of global warming.
It is also home to about three million species of plants and animals, and one million indigenous people.
亞馬遜雨林(資料圖)
巴西、秘魯與玻利維亞交界處的亞馬孫地區為火災重災區,集中位於巴西的朗多尼亞州、馬託格羅索州和亞馬孫州以及玻利維亞境內。
Fires are common in Brazil in the annual dry season, but they are much more widespread this year. Brazilian state experts reported nearly 77,000 wildfires across the country so far this year, up 85% over the same period in 2018.
火災在巴西每年的旱季都很常見,但今年更加來勢洶洶。巴西的專家報告稱,到目前為止,今年巴西共發生了近7.7萬起野火,較2018年同期增長85%。
相關專家分析,本次亞馬遜雨林大火主要原因是人為因素。
來自巴西國家太空研究所(INPE)的阿爾貝託·塞澤堅稱,亞馬孫雨林的火災有99%都是人為造成,「要麼是故意縱火,要麼是事故」。
圖源:CNN
巴西總統博索納羅自今年1月就職以來多次表示,巴西應該為商業利益開放亞馬孫雨林,允許採礦、伐木和農業企業開發雨林自然資源。
輿論認為,博索納羅對雨林開發的態度,是對「大火開荒」等非法行為的縱容和默許。
巴西總統雅伊爾·博索納羅
長期依賴墾荒的經濟,使得巴西為此付出了代價。由於大量森林被砍伐,巴西國家太空署指出,亞馬遜雨林每分鐘都有超過1.5個足球場大小面積被焚毀。
NASA搭建的傳感器MODIS數據顯示,光是2019年8月至今,已有近一萬起火災事故。
Bolsonaro has previously described rainforest protections as an obstacle to Brazil's economic development, sparring with critics who say the Amazon absorbs vast amounts of greenhouse gases and is crucial for efforts to contain climate change.
博索納羅此前曾表示,亞馬孫雨林的保護是巴西經濟發展的障礙,而批評人士則認為,亞馬孫雨林吸收了大量的溫室氣體,對遏制氣候變化至關重要。
The Amazon fires have become a global issue, escalating tensions between Brazil and European countries who believe Bolsonaro has neglected commitments to protect biodiversity.
亞馬孫雨林大火已經成為一個全球性問題,加劇了巴西和歐洲國家之間的緊張關係。一些歐洲國家認為博索納羅忽視了保護生物多樣性的承諾。
火災現場的動物屍體
Protesters gathered outside Brazilian diplomatic missions in European and Latin American cities Friday, and demonstrators also marched in Brazil.
上周五,抗議者聚集在巴西駐歐洲和拉丁美洲一些城市的使領館外,示威者也在巴西遊行。
當地時間8月23日,英國倫敦,民眾集會呼籲巴西政府採取措施控制亞馬孫雨林大火
23日,多國的巴西大使館外聚集眾多抗議者,要求巴西政府應對雨林大火。
面對重重壓力,巴西總統博索納羅周五終於籤署法令,要求巴西武裝部隊前往亞馬孫地區幫助應對正在熊熊燃燒的大火。
圖源:IC Photo
Backed by military aircraft, Brazilian troops on Saturday prepared to deploy in the Amazon rainforest to fight fires that have swept the region and prompted anti-government protests as well as an international outcry.
周六(8月24日),在軍用飛機的協助下,巴西軍隊準備在亞馬孫雨林進行部署,以撲滅席捲該地區的大火。這場大火還引發了反政府抗議活動和國際社會的聲討。
Some 44,000 troops will be available for "unprecedented" operations to put out the fires, and forces are heading to six Brazilian states that asked for federal help to contain the blazes, Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo said. The states are Roraima, Rondonia, Tocantins, Para, Acre and Mato Grosso.
巴西國防部長費爾南多·阿澤維多表示,大約4.4萬名軍人將參加這次「前所未有的」滅火行動,並前往請求聯邦政府幫助控制火勢的六個州,分別是羅賴馬、隆多尼亞、託坎廷斯、帕拉、阿克和馬託格羅索。
The military's first mission will be the deployment of 700 troops to the area around Porto Velho, capital of Rondonia, Azevedo said. He added that the military will use two C-130 Hercules aircraft capable of dumping up to 3,170 gallons of water on fires.
阿澤維多說,軍方的首個任務將是向隆多尼亞州首府韋柳港附近部署700名軍人。他補充說,軍方將出動兩架C-130大力神運輸機,最多可向火災區域噴灑3170加侖的水。
Conservationist Paul Rosolie told "CBS This Morning" that military action isn't enough and said the Amazon is at risk of "collapsing."
環保主義者保羅·羅索裡在接受《CBS今晨》節目採訪時表示,軍隊參與滅火還不夠,亞馬孫雨林正面臨「崩潰」的風險。
"As we chop more of the rainforest down – and this has been going on for decades, this is not an isolated issue — as we chop more of the rainforest, what we're risking is reaching a tipping point, where that moisture system might be too dry to produce the rain. And then you have a serious problem on your hands, because you're talking about the entire Amazon sort of collapsing."
他說:「隨著我們砍伐更多的雨林,我們面臨的風險正達到一個臨界點,到那時,空氣可能過於乾燥,沒有降雨。砍伐雨林的問題已經持續了幾十年,這不是一個孤立的問題。之後人類就面臨著一個嚴重的問題,那就是整個亞馬孫雨林的崩潰。」
Bolivia and Paraguay have also struggled to contain fires that swept through woods and fields, in many cases set to clear land for farming. A US-based aircraft, the B747-400 SuperTanker, is flying over devastated areas in Bolivia to help put out the fires and protect forests.
玻利維亞和巴拉圭也在努力撲滅席捲森林和田野的大火,很多情況下大火是開荒導致。美國飛機波音747-400「超級油輪」正在玻利維亞受災地區上空幫助滅火和保護森林。
據CNN報導,著名好萊塢男星萊昂納多·迪卡普裡奧所創建的環保組織也承諾,捐款500萬美元,幫助保護亞馬遜雨林。
英文來源:CBS,BBC News
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