英語沙塔|經濟學人精讀|能源工業與氣候變化

2020-12-05 一個書呆

微信公眾號:英語沙塔

本文節選自《經濟學人》2019.02.09期,Leaders 版塊中的一篇關於能源工業和氣候變化的報導。

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1

In America, the world’s largest economy and its second biggest polluter, climate change is becoming hard to ignore. Extreme weather has grown more frequent. In NovemberwildfiresscorchedCalifornia; last week Chicago was colder than parts of Mars. Scientists aresounding the alarmmoreurgentlyand people have noticed—73% of Americanspolled byYale University late last year said that climate change is real. The left of theDemocratic Partywants toputa 「Green New Deal」at the heart ofthe election in 2020. As expectations shift, theprivate sectorisshowing signs ofadapting. Last year around 20 coal mines shut.Fund managersareproddingfirmstobecome greener. Warren Buffett,no sucker for fads, isstaking$30bnonclean energy and Elon Musk plans tofillAmerica’s highwayswithelectric cars.

wildfires野火,森林之火scorched燒焦sounding the alarm發出警報sound鳴警報【寫作推薦】地道表達urgently急切地、迫切地polled by由……展開的調查【寫作推薦】詞組Democratic Party民主黨Put A at the heart of B將A放在B的核心【寫作推薦】詞組private sector(國家經濟的)私營部分showing signs of顯示出……的跡象【寫作推薦】詞組Fund managers基金經理Prodding toprod to do鼓動,督促prod sb (into sth/into doing sth)【寫作推薦】詞組no sucker for fadssucker沒有主見的人fads一時的流行或愛好,形容是一個有主見的,不隨大眾的人【寫作推薦】地道表達staking A on B拿……冒險,用……打賭fill A with B用B裝滿A【寫作推薦】詞組在美國,這個世界上最大的經濟體,也是第二大汙染者,氣候變化帶來的影響越來越難以忽視。極端天氣變得越來越頻繁。在12月加利福尼亞遭遇山林大火;上個星期,芝加哥比火星部分地區還冷。科學家們更迫切地敲響了警鐘,人們也注意到了氣候變化——耶魯大學去年年底調查數據顯示,73%的美國人說氣候變化是真的發生了。民主黨左翼希望將「綠色新政」放在2020年選舉的核心。隨著預期發生變化,私營企業開始表現出適應的跡象。去年,大約有20座煤礦被關閉。基金經理們催促公司轉型為更加綠色的公司。沃倫·巴菲特並不是個隨大眾的人,不過他將300億美元壓在了潔淨能源上,埃倫·穆斯克也計劃讓電動汽車走上美國的高速公路。

2

Yetamidtheclamouris a single,jarringtruth.Demand foroil is rising and the energy industry, in America and globally, is planning multi-trillion-dollar investments to satisfy it. No firmembodiesthis strategy better than ExxonMobil, the giant thatrivalsadmire and green activists love to hate. It plans to pump 25% more oil and gas in 2025 than in 2017. If the rest of the industry pursues evenmodest growth, the consequence for the climate could be disastrous.

amid在……中;被……圍繞也可以有「面對」的意思amid all the threats面對眾多威脅clamour喧鬧jarring刺耳的demand for對……的需求embodies體現,使具象化【寫作推薦】體現了某項品質、思想、策略等modest growth適度的增長然而,在這一片喧鬧之中,有一個事實:對石油的需求在增高,美國以及全球的能源工業正計劃投資萬億美元來滿足這個需求。沒有一家公司比埃克森美孚公司更好地體現這個策略,競爭對手們敬佩這個石油巨頭,而綠色主義激進分子則憎恨它。該公司計劃在2025年比2017年多抽取25%的石油和天然氣。如果其他同類公司也追求哪怕只是適度的增長,對於氣候來說結果將會是災難性的。

3

For much of the 20th century, the fiveoil majors—Chevron, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP and Total—had more clout thansome small countries. Although the majors』 power haswaned, they stillaccount for10% of global oil and gas output and 16% of upstream investment. Theyset the tonefor smaller, privately owned energy firms. And millions ofpensionersand other savers rely on their profits. Of the 20 firms paying the biggestdividendsin Europe and America, four are majors.

For much of the 20th century在20世紀的大多數時間裡oil majors石油巨頭had more clout thanclout影響力,勢力waned減弱。能力,影響力的衰弱,可以用這個詞表達【寫作推薦】詞彙積累,one’s power has wanedaccount for佔【寫作推薦】詞組set the tone for為……定下調子,設定基調【寫作推薦】詞組pensioners領養老金的人dividends紅利,分紅在20世紀的大多數時間裡,5個石油巨頭——雪弗龍、埃克森美孚、荷蘭皇家殼牌石油公司、英國石油公司和道爾達公司比一些小國家擁有更大的影響力,儘管石油巨頭的影響力已經下降了,但在全球,他們仍佔有石油和天然氣輸出的10%,以及上遊投資的16%。他們為更小的,私有的能源公司定下了基調。數百萬領養老金的人和其他儲戶依靠這些公司的利潤。在歐洲和美國支付最多分紅的20家公司中,其中四個是巨頭公司。

4

It would be wrong to conclude that the energy firms must therefore be evil. They are responding toincentivesset by society. Thefinancial returnsfrom oil are higher thanthosefromrenewables. For now, worldwide demand for oil is growing by 1-2% a year,similar tothe average over the past five decades—and the typical majorderivesa minority ofits stockmarket valuefromprofits it will make after 2030. However much the majors arevilified byclimate warriors, many of whom drive cars and take planes.

incentives動機,獎勵措施financial returns利潤,財務回報thosethose用來指代financial returns,避免重複renewables可再生能源similar to與……相似derives from除了「源自,出自」的意思外,還有「從中獲益」的意思a minority of少數的vilified by被……詆毀、誹謗【寫作推薦】詞組因為這樣把能源公司斷定為有害是錯誤的,他們只是回應社會所設置的獎勵機制。石油帶來的利潤比可再生能源更多,目前,世界對石油的需求以每年1~2%的速度增長,與過去50年平均值差不多。典型的巨頭只能從它2030年後獲取的利潤中增加少許股市市值。無論這些巨頭受到氣候鬥士們多少的詆毀,這些人也開車,坐飛機。

5

The key will be to showcentrist votersthat cutting emissions is practical and will not leave them muchworse off. Although the Democrats』 emerging Green New Dealraises awareness, italmost certainlyfails this test as it is based on amassive expansionof government spending and central planning.The best policy,in America and beyond, is to tax carbon emissions, which ExxonMobil backs. Thegilets jaunesin France show how hard that will be. ① Work will be neededondesigning policiesthat cancommand popular supportbygivingthe cash raisedbackto the public in the form of offsettingtax cuts. The fossil-fuel industry would get smaller, government would not get bigger andbusinesseswould be free to adaptas they see fit—including, even, ExxonMobil.

centrist voters中間選民worse off更加貧窮badly off窮困的,worse off是它的比較級。Well off富有的raises awareness引起關注almost certainly幾乎必然massive expansion大規模擴張The best policy上策in America and beyond在美國國內外,即全球【寫作推薦】地道表達gilets jaunes反光背心,交警們執勤的時候會穿,環衛工人清掃道路的時候也會穿,近幾周以來,「反光背心」號召發起了反對汽油價錢上漲的堵塞公路運動。Work will be needed【寫作推薦】句型學習More work will be needed to ……為了……,還有很多的工作要做designing policies制定政策同義表達還有formulate policiescommand贏得,博得【寫作推薦】地道表達command one’s support贏得某人的支持popular support大眾的支持【寫作推薦】地道表達積累tax cuts減稅giving back歸還,返回businesses企業,公司as they see fit他們覺得合適,符合要求① 長句解析:Work will be needed on designing policies,「制定政策還需要做一番工作」此句已完整,後面的句子皆為對policies的修飾。that引導定語從句,command popular support by giving the cash raised(動詞分詞修飾cash)back to the public in the form of offsetting tax cuts

關鍵是向中間選民展示減少排放是可行的,而且不會讓他們更加貧窮。儘管民主黨的綠色新政引起了人們的關注,但這幾乎必然會失敗,因為新政的實行需要大規模擴張政府支出以及中央規劃。最好的政策,是在全世界對CO2排放進行徵稅,而埃克森美孚公司也支持這個政策。法國的「反光背心」遊行活動顯示這有多難。政策將通過把籌集的資金以抵消減稅的形式返還給大眾,能贏得大眾支持,制定這樣的政策還有一番工作要做。化石燃料產業會變得越來越小,政府不會變大,而且公司也可以在他們覺得合適時自由適應政策——甚至包括ExxonMobil

總結

sounding the alarm發出警報sound鳴警報【寫作推薦】地道表達polled by由……展開的調查【寫作推薦】詞組Put A at the heart of B將A放在B的核心【寫作推薦】詞組showing signs of顯示出……的跡象【寫作推薦】詞組Prodding toprod to do鼓動,督促prod sb (into sth/into doing sth)【寫作推薦】詞組no sucker for fadssucker沒有主見的人fads一時的流行或愛好,形容是一個有主見的,不隨大眾的人【寫作推薦】地道表達fill A with B用B裝滿A【寫作推薦】詞組embodies體現,使具象化【寫作推薦】體現了某項品質、思想、策略等waned減弱。能力,影響力的衰弱,可以用這個詞表達【寫作推薦】詞彙積累,one’s power has wanedaccount for佔【寫作推薦】詞組set the tone for為……定下調子,設定基調【寫作推薦】詞組vilified by被……詆毀、誹謗【寫作推薦】詞組in America and beyond在美國國內外【寫作推薦】地道表達Work will be needed【寫作推薦】句型學習More work will be needed to ……為了……,還有很多的工作要做command贏得,博得【寫作推薦】地道表達command one’s support贏得popular support大眾的支持【寫作推薦】地道表達積累文章同義詞表達集合

影響力的表達clout, power,

巨頭的表達:major, giant

公司的表達:businesses, firms, companies

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