小膠質細胞通過固醇合成促進脫髓鞘病變修復
作者:
小柯機器人發布時間:2020/12/22 22:17:08
德國馬克斯-普朗克研究所Gesine Saher、Klaus-Armin Nave等研究人員合作發現,小膠質細胞通過固醇合成促進脫髓鞘病變修復。這一研究成果於2020年12月21日在線發表在國際學術期刊《自然—神經科學》上。
據研究人員,多發性硬化症(MS)中發炎、脫髓鞘的病變修復需要通過小膠質細胞/巨噬細胞來清除富含膽固醇的髓鞘碎片,並需要從促炎性病變環境轉變為消炎性病變環境。隨後,少突膠質細胞增加膽固醇水平,這是合成新髓磷脂膜的先決條件。
研究人員假設病變消退受髓磷脂和少突膠質固醇合成的膽固醇命運調節。通過整合基因表達譜、遺傳學和全面的表型分析,研究人員發現,矛盾的是,髓磷脂吞噬小膠質細胞/巨噬細胞中的固醇合成決定了急性脫髓鞘病變的修復。小膠質細胞/巨噬細胞不是產生膽固醇,而是合成了脫氫膽固醇(直接膽固醇前體)。脫氫膽固醇激活肝臟X受體(LXR)信號來解決炎症,為少突膠質細胞的分化創造了寬鬆的環境。
此外,LXR靶基因產物促進了脂質和膽固醇從載脂小膠質細胞/巨噬細胞的流出,從而支持少突膠質細胞的髓鞘再形成。因此,固醇合成的藥理刺激促進了脫髓鞘病變的修復,這提示了MS中髓鞘修復的新療法。
附:英文原文
Title: Microglia facilitate repair of demyelinated lesions via post-squalene sterol synthesis
Author: Stefan A. Berghoff, Lena Spieth, Ting Sun, Leon Hosang, Lennart Schlaphoff, Constanze Depp, Tim Dking, Jan Winchenbach, Jonathan Neuber, David Ewers, Patricia Scholz, Franziska van der Meer, Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri, Andrew O. Sasmita, Martin Meschkat, Torben Ruhwedel, Wiebke Mbius, Roman Sankowski, Marco Prinz, Inge Huitinga, Michael W. Sereda, Francesca Odoardi, Till Ischebeck, Mikael Simons, Christine Stadelmann-Nessler, Julia M. Edgar, Klaus-Armin Nave, Gesine Saher
Issue&Volume: 2020-12-21
Abstract: The repair of inflamed, demyelinated lesions as in multiple sclerosis (MS) necessitates the clearance of cholesterol-rich myelin debris by microglia/macrophages and the switch from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory lesion environment. Subsequently, oligodendrocytes increase cholesterol levels as a prerequisite for synthesizing new myelin membranes. We hypothesized that lesion resolution is regulated by the fate of cholesterol from damaged myelin and oligodendroglial sterol synthesis. By integrating gene expression profiling, genetics and comprehensive phenotyping, we found that, paradoxically, sterol synthesis in myelin-phagocytosing microglia/macrophages determines the repair of acutely demyelinated lesions. Rather than producing cholesterol, microglia/macrophages synthesized desmosterol, the immediate cholesterol precursor. Desmosterol activated liver X receptor (LXR) signaling to resolve inflammation, creating a permissive environment for oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LXR target gene products facilitated the efflux of lipid and cholesterol from lipid-laden microglia/macrophages to support remyelination by oligodendrocytes. Consequently, pharmacological stimulation of sterol synthesis boosted the repair of demyelinated lesions, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair in MS. Efficient repair of demyelinated CNS lesions involves the resolution of inflammation and induction of remyelination. Berghoff et al. show that sterol synthesis in microglia is key to both processes, which can be supported by squalene therapy.
DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00757-6
Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-020-00757-6