注釋:
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[3] Spirtes P, Glymour C, Scheines R. Causation, Prediction, and Search. 2nd ed. New York: MIT Press, 2000.
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[5] Freedman D. From association to causation: Some remarks on the history of statistics, Statistical Science, 1999, 14:243-258.
[6] Greenland S, Robins J M, Pearl J. Confounding, and collapsibility in
causal inference. Statistical Science, 1999, 14:29-46.
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[8] Heckman J J. Econometric causality. Internat. Statist. Review, 2008, 76:1-27.
[9] http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/topic/causality.html.