自ASME規範引進以來,它的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅷ篇已成為鍋爐行業必不可少的參考標準。在一段時期應用與消化之後,對這個標準的理解也逐漸深入,對其中某些翻譯名詞的困難,也逐漸溶化,比如tube和pipe的認識也逐漸加深。
Tube和pipe在中文裡都是「管子」或「管道」的意思,無法區分,而ASME規範卻有不同的要求。在ASME規範第Ⅰ篇中有兩個最基本的公式:
對tubing按公式PG-27.2.1計算壁厚
t=PD÷(2S+P)+0.05D+e
對piping按公式PG-27.2.2計算壁厚
t=PD÷(2SE+2yP)+C
計算要求和結果都不一樣,這就必然涉及到中文tube和pipe的理解和區別問題。同是管子,什麼是tube?什麼是pipe?長期以來,技術人員根據各自的經驗和對ASME上下溫的理解與推測,也有不同的區別方法。
第一種按管徑尺寸來區分,5英寸或6英寸以下為tube,這樣方法為大部分人認可。
第二種按管截面形狀來區分,圓形截面歸pipe,其它形狀歸tube。這種說法是由ANSI B31.1一段話推論來的,但很不嚴格。
還有其它區分方法,如從工藝觀點、平均壁厚公差等觀點來區分。這些方法大多為推測性質,沒有正宗來源。
在美國,有幸就教於美國國家檢驗法規委員會委員、ASME委員會委員史汀老先生(E.A.Steen)過程中,曾就這問題提出疑問。史汀老先生認為,如何區分tube和pipe的問題,在不少其它國家都發生過,德文、西班牙文等都只能將tube和pipe翻譯成同一單詞「管子」或「管道」,很難區分。在應用PG-27.2.1和PG-27.2.2公式上界限很模糊,其實ASME在制定這段規則時並不著眼與管徑大小或管子截面,而是著眼於管子或管道用途的性質。在鍋爐和壓力容器範圍內,tube主要著眼於內外傳導熱量、熱交換用途,而pipe則主要立足於將受壓介質從一個地方輸送到另一個地方的功能,這樣pipe性質的管子上一般還都連著各種附件(三通、彎頭)和閥門。
從這觀點來看,省煤氣管、水冷壁管等必屬於tube類,而主蒸汽管道、下降管等或其它連有三通、閥門管路的則必屬pipe類。
為了進一步澄清這個認識,史汀老先生還熱情地找出兩份ASME委員會就有關這個問題的正式文件。如下:
文件一:
Interpretation:1-83-47
Subject:Section 1,PG-27, Definition of Pipe and Tube
Date issued:August 8,1979
File:BC79-501
Question: Do the rules of PG-27.2.2 define tubing and piping, respectively, by size only, or are there other criteria?
Reply: The formulas in Section 1, PG-27.2.1 ,for tubing are intended primarily for applications such as boiler tubes, or economizer tubes in which groups of such tubular elements are arranged within some enclosure for the purpose of transferring heat to or from the fluid within the tubes. For this heat transfer function, the tubular elements ordinarily do not need fittings or valves.
When the function to be performed is mainly the conveying of a pressurized fluid from one location to another, with litter or no intentional heat transfer, the tubular elements commonly used for this purpose are called piping. The standard piping sizes are available with the matching sizes of fittings (tees , elbows, etc.) and valves to facilitate the installation of piping systems to direct and control the flow. For such application, the formula for piping wall thickness in Section 1, PG-27.2.2 (or ANSI B31.1, Paragraph 104.1.2) , should be used.
文件二:
Interpretation:1-86-25
Subject:Section 1, PG-27.2, wall Thickness of Pipe and Tube
Date:June 23, 1986
File:BC81-713, BC83-289, BC83-669, BC84-230
Question: Under what circumstances do the equations under PG-27.2.1 (for tubing) and PG-27.2.2 (for piping) apply?
Reply: The formulas in ASME Section 1, PG-27.2.1, for tubing, are intended primarily for applications such as boiler tubes, superheater and reheater tubes, or economizer tubes in which groups of such tubular elements are purpose of transferring heat to or from the fluid within the tubes. For this heat transfer function, the tubular elements ordinarily do not need fittings or valves.
When the function to be performed is mainly the conveying of a pressurized fluid from one location to another, with litter or no intentional heat transfer, the formulas in PG-27.2.2 should be used. The elements commonly used for this purpose are called piping. The standard piping sizes are available with matching sizes of fittings (tees, elbows, etc.) and valves to facilitate the installation of piping systems to direct and control the flow.
可見,早在1979.8.8和1986.6.23,ASME就發布過注釋號為1-83-47和1-86-25的文件,回答各地用戶類似的問題,來說明適用PG-27.2.1的tubing和適用PG-27.2.2的piping的定義。
問題之一:僅僅是根據管徑大小或某一其他指標來確定tubing和piping嗎?
問題之二:什麼情況下用tubing公式PG-27.2.1,什麼情況下用piping公式PG-27.2.2?
ASME回答是統一的,參考譯文如下:
ASME第I篇中適用於tubing的壁厚公式PG-27.2.1基本上著重於爐膛內管道、過熱器和再熱器管子、省煤器管子等諸如此類的管子,這些管子元件被布置和安排在某一空間範圍,目的在於把熱量從外界傳進或傳出於管內的受壓介質。為進行這樣的熱交換功能的管子屬tubing,它一般不需要在管子元件上配有附件(三通、彎頭)和閥門。
如果管子的作用僅是執行把受壓介質從一個位置輸送到另一個位置,而不是注重於輸送過程中管內介質對外界的熱交換,那就用PG-27.2.2公式,這樣用途的管子元件就稱piping。
為便於引導和控制輸送介質的流量,piping系統中裝有附件(三通、彎頭)和閥門,pipe的標準尺寸和這引進附件裝置相匹配。壁厚公式用PG-27.2.2或ANSI B31.3第104.1.2式來校核。(譯文結束)。
看來,這就是ASME區分tube和pipe的初衷,也是所有有關tube和pipe區分方法的正宗源頭,其他所有理解性的方法必須參照這個根本性的解釋來推行。
上述ASME的正式文件可以幫助我們澄清目前各種各樣對tube和pipe模稜兩可的認識。按受熱面布置、進行了傳熱計算的管子屬tube,按聯接管路布置,進行系統應力分析(柔度、剛度計算等)的管子屬pipe,按ASME中ANSI B31.1的power piping規範計算。
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