ESSENTIALFEATURES OF TAIYANG DISEASE
Theessential features of Taiyang disease are presented in line 1. The Taiyanggoverns the fleshy exterior. When an exterior pathogen invades, it generallyaffects the exterior first. Right qi rises up against the pathogen andgenerally the first signs are of Taiyangdisease, also referred to as an exteriorsyndrome. Signs of Taiyang disease include stiffness and pain of the head andnape, aversion to cold, possibly heat effusion, possibly sweating, and a pulsethat is commonly floating and that may also be tight or moderate. These signsrepresent those commonly seen in Taiyang disease, but should not be seen as absolute indicators of any one syndrome becausespecific presentations vary widely. Taiyang disease represents the early stages of an externally contracted disease,although this period cannot be strictly defined.
譯文：
第1條是太陽病提綱證。太陽主表，外邪侵襲，首先犯表。正氣鼓動，起而抗邪，首先出現的症狀就是太陽病諸症，也可以稱為表證。太陽病的症狀包括頭項強痛、惡寒，可有發熱，可有汗出；脈通常是浮的，可兼有緊或緩。這些症狀代表了太陽病通常的症狀，但不能作為任何一個證候的絕對指徵，因為具體臨床表現千差萬別。太陽病代表了外感病的初期階段，儘管這一階段不能被嚴格界定。
注釋：
are alsoreferred to as被稱為
absoluteindicators絕對指徵
the early stagesof早期階段
be strictlydefined嚴格界定
0023
LINE 1
太陽之為病，脈浮，頭項強痛而惡寒。
tàiyáng zhīwéi bìng，màifú，tóuxiàngjiàngtòngérwùhán.
In disease ofthe Tàiyáng, the pulse is floating, the head and nape are stiff and painful,and[there is] aversion to cold.
TEXT NOTES
1. Head and napeare stiff and painful: Headache, and pain and stiffness in the back of theneck.
2. Aversion tocold: Sensitivity to cold or a subjectivesensation of cold. Aversion to cold is now often specifically defined as apronounced sensation of cold that is felt even in theabsence of external wind or cold and isundiminished by adding extra clothing or bedclothes, and is oftencontrasted with aversion to wind, which denotes a feeling of cold experiencedon exposure to wind or drafts. However, this distinction is not always clearlymade in Shang Han Lun and other literature.
In the Shang Han Lun, 「aversionto cold」, often occurs with heat effusion, as asign of wind-cold. In the absence of heat effusion or other exterior signs, itis a sign of cold arising from within due toyang qi deficiency.
譯文：
1.頭項強痛：頭痛以及項部的疼痛、僵硬。
2.惡寒：對寒冷敏感或一種自覺寒冷的主觀感覺。惡寒現在通常定義為一種自覺寒冷的感覺，可以沒有外部風寒的刺激，增加衣被不能緩解。與惡寒相比，惡風提示的是感受風氣後引起的寒冷感覺。然而，這個區別在《傷寒論》和其他文獻中體現得不是非常清晰。
在《傷寒論》中，「惡寒」是風寒的一個症狀，通常與發熱並見。當沒有發熱或其他表證時，惡寒則是陽氣虛所致裡寒證的表現。
注釋：
Sensitivity to對……敏感
in the absenceof沒有
is undiminishedby不緩解
arising from產生於
0024
The Chinese term 惡寒 isoften translated as 「chill」.Strictly speaking, however, it is wider in meaning, including not only an acutefeeling of cold with shivering, but generalsensitivity to the cold. For this reason we consistently render it as 「aversionto cold」. Aversion to cold is often specifically defined as a pronouncedsensation of cold that is felt even in the absence of external wind or cold andis undiminished by adaing extra clothing or bedclothes, and is often contrastedwith aversion to wind which denotes a feeling of cold experienced on exposureto wind or drafts.
The term 惡寒,aversion to cold, would appear to be a misnomer,if we accept the definition conventionally given in Chinese medical literatureas 「a sensation of cold that is felt even in the absence of wind and cold andthat is undiminished by adaing extra clothing or bedclothes" since 惡,aversion, implies a response to the external stimulus, 寒, cold,which the traditional definition specifically states to be irrelevant.
譯文：
中文術語「惡寒」經常翻譯為「chill」。嚴格地說，它在意義上更寬泛，不僅包括伴有寒戰的劇烈寒冷感覺，也包括對寒冷的普遍敏感性。因此我們一般將其表述為「aversion to cold」。惡寒通常被具體界定為一種自覺寒冷的感覺，可以沒有外部風寒的刺激，增加衣被不能緩解。與惡寒相比，惡風提示的是感受風氣後引起的寒冷感覺。
如果我們接受中醫文獻通用的定義，即「一種自覺寒冷的感覺，可以沒有外部風寒的刺激，增加衣被不能緩解」，術語「惡寒」似乎有些用詞不當，因為「惡」字暗示了對外部刺激的反應，而「寒」字在傳統的定義中被明確表述為與自身反應無關。
注釋：
shivering顫抖
misnomer用詞不當
implies暗示
the externalstimulus外部刺激
0025
SYNOPSIS
A general outline of the pulse and signsof Taiyang disease.
COMMENTARY
Thebasic syndrome associated with taiyang diseaseincludes a pulse that is floating, headache, pain and stiffness in the back ofthe neck, and aversion to cold. The taiyang governs the exterior and rules theying and wei, providing protection for the body. When an exterior pathogenattacks the body, right qi is excited and rises up tocontend with the pathogen. The signs of exterior disease are evidence ofthe contention between right qi and pathogenic qi.When right qi contends with pathogenic qi, the qi and blood quickly gather inthe exterior of the body. The vessels become full and the qi of the pulse isstirred. Thus the pulse is felt easily with lightpressure and is described as 「floating.」 The taiyang channel passesthrough the head and neck. Wind-cold attacks and fetters the exterior, thechannel receives the pathogen, and the movement of qi and blood is blocked.This manifests as headache and pain and stiffness in the back of the neck. TheWei Qi is damaged by the pathogen and unable to warmthe fleshy exterior and interstices normally; consequently, aversion tocold arises.
譯文：
大綱
太陽病脈症的總綱。
注釋
太陽病的基本症狀，包括脈浮、頭項強痛和惡寒。太陽主表，總督營衛，衛外為固。外邪襲表，正氣奮起抗邪。外感病的症狀是正邪相爭的表現。當正邪相爭時，氣血聚集於體表。血管充滿，脈氣鼓動。因此，其脈輕取即得，並描述為「浮」。太陽經途徑頭項，風寒侵襲束表，經絡受邪，氣血凝澀，這體現為頭項強痛。邪傷衛氣，不能溫煦體表、腠理，因而惡寒。
注釋：
associated with與……有關
to contend with抗衡
the contentionbetween right qi and pathogenic qi正邪相爭
is felt easilywith light pressure輕取即得
to warm thefleshy exterior and interstices溫煦體表、腠理
0026
This linepresents the basic features of Taiyang disease. In clinicalpractice, however, variations are often observed, as we shall see in thelines ahead. Moreover, the same signs may occur in other syndromes. While a pulsethat is floating and an aversion to cold occurring together indicate anexterior disease, either of the two can, in thepresence of other signs, also indicate other syndromes. For example, a pulsethat is floating and moderate, and accompanied by warmextremities, occurs in Tai Yin disease. Aversion to cold occurs with a pulse that is faint in a syndrome ofsevere yang deficiency in sudden turmoil disease.
The basic pulseand signs given in this line apply to allTaiyang disease, even when they are not specifically stated. The Shang Han Lun is terse in its expression. Basic pulses and signs areoften not repeated in syndrome descriptions.
譯文：
這一條文是太陽病的提綱證。然而在臨床實踐中，就像我們在後麵條文中看到的那樣，經常會觀察到變化。另外，在其他證中可以出現相同的症狀。脈浮、惡寒並見，提示表證；當這兩個症狀中的一個與其他症狀並見時，也能提示其他證候。例如，傷寒脈浮而緩，手足自溫者，系在太陰。霍亂病的重度陽虛證，可見惡寒伴脈微。
這個條文中給出的基本脈症，適用於所有太陽病，即使在條文中沒有明確表述。《傷寒論》言簡意賅，基本脈症通常不在症狀描述中重複。
注釋：
clinicalpractice臨床實踐
either of thetwo兩者中的一個
accompanied bywarm extremities伴有手足溫
occurs with apulse that is faint伴有脈微
sudden turmoildisease霍亂病
apply to適用於
is terse in簡潔
Study The four classics of TCM，
learn and practice English,
improve our professional skills
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