1.Simile明喻
Itis a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elementshaving at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make thecomparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer thequality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to athirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
Thiselephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比.這種共性存在於人們的心裡,而不是事物的自然屬性.
標誌詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similarto, such as等.
例如:
1>.Hewas like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
2>.Iwandered lonely as a cloud.
3>.Einsteinonly had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor隱喻,暗喻
Itis like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, butunlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example,the world is a stage.
Thediamond department was the heart and center of the store.
隱喻是簡縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用於另一事物,通過比較形成.
例如:
1>.Hopeis a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Somebooks are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.
3.Metonymy借喻,轉喻
Itis a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of onething for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than thesword (forces).
借代（metonymy）是指兩種不同事物並不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種。
1>.Several years later, word camethat Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
幾年以後，他們聽說拿破崙要親自來視察他們。
「word」在這裡代替了「news, information」（消息、信息）
2>.Al spoke with his eyes,「yes」.
艾爾用眼睛說，「是的」。
「說」應該是嘴的功能，這裡實際上是用眼神表達了「說話的意思」。
3>.以容器代替內容,例如:
3.1>.Thekettle boils. 水開了.
3.2>.Theroom sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
4>.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lendme your ears, please. 請聽我說.
5>.以作者代替作品,例如:
acomplete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
6>.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
Ihad the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4.Synecdoche提喻
Itis involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for thepart. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed insilks.
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.Thereare about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整體)
他的廠裡約有100名工人.
2>.Heis the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世紀的牛頓.
3>.Thefox goes very well with your cap.（整體代部分）
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia通感,聯覺,移覺
這種修辭法是以視.聽.觸.嗅.味等感覺直接描寫事物.通感就是把不同感官的感覺溝通起來，借聯想引起感覺轉移，「以感覺寫感覺」。
通感技巧的運用，能突破語言的局限，豐富表情達意的審美情趣，起到增強文採的藝術效果。比如：欣賞建築的重複與變化的樣式會聯想到音樂的重複與變化的節奏；聞到酸的東西會聯想到尖銳的物體；聽到飄渺輕柔的音樂會聯想到薄薄的半透明的紗子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》裡的「 微風過處送來縷縷清香,仿佛遠處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的」。
例如:
1>.Thebirds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用視覺形容聽覺，鳥落在樹上，由它發出的聲音聯想到百合花）
鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
2>.Tastethe music of Mozart.（用嗅覺形容聽覺）
品嘗Mozart的音樂.
6.Personification擬人
Itgives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無生命的) objects, or to ideas andabstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物.
例如:
1>.Thenight gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜擬人化）
2>.Iwas very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鳥擬人化）
7.Hyperbole誇張
Itis the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. Forinstance, he almost died laughing.
誇張是以言過其實的說法表達強調的目的.它可以加強語勢,增加表達效果..
例如:
1>.Ibeg a thousand pardons.
2>.Loveyou. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3>.Whenshe heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.Parallelism排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個或兩個以上的結構大體相同或相似,意思相關,語氣一致的短語.句子排列成串,形成一個整體.
例如:
1>.Noone can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral tillall are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2>.Inthe days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours,to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all thesethings are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your badrace, to answer for them separately.
9.Euphemism委婉,婉辭法
Itis the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that mayoffend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to"die" as 「pass away」.
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達粗惡,避諱的話.
例如:
1>.Heis out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.
2>.Hisrelation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他與妻子關係不融洽.
3>.DengXiaoping passed away in 1997. （去世）
10.Allegory諷喻,比方（原意「寓言」）
建立在假借過去或別處的事例與對象之上，傳達暗示，影射或者譏諷現世各種現象的含義。
英文解釋：an expressive style that uses fictionalcharacters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; anextended metaphor 摘自英語專業《大學英語教程》一書
這是一種源於希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個方式的說法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.
例如:
1>.Makethe hay while the sun shines.
表層含義：趁著出太陽的時候曬草
真正意味：趁熱打鐵
2>.It'stime to turn plough into sword.
表層含義：是時候把犁變成劍
11.Irony反語
Itis a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what ismeant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usualsense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
反語指用相反意義的詞來表達意思的作文方式.如在指責過失.錯誤時,用贊同過失的說法,而在表揚時,則近乎責難的說法.
例如:
1>.Itwould be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上沒有時間觀念還真是一件好事啊（真實含義是應該明確早上的時間觀念）
2>"Ofcourse, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waitersaid to the beggar.
12.Pun 雙關
雙關就是用一個詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側擊,從而達到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現.
例如:
1>.Sheis too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for agreat praise.
2>.Anambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.Ifwe don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
4>.Itis a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. Forinstance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here"arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by asoldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished. 「Either you are mad, or I am」, he declared.「Both，sir!」cried the Swede proudly.
「Both」一詞一語雙關，既指拿破崙和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰士參加過拿破崙指揮的兩次戰役
13.Parody仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語,改動其中部分詞語,從而使其產生新意的修辭.
例如:
1>.Romewas not built in a day, nor in a year.
2>.Afriend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.Ifyou give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetoricalquestion 修辭疑問（反問）
它與疑問句的不同在於它並不以得到答覆為目的,而是以疑問為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點是:肯定問句表示強烈否定,而否定問句表示強烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
1>.Howwas it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth ofnote?
2>.Shallwe allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis對照,對比,對偶
Itis the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balancedstructural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence isgolden.
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對比的一種修辭方法.
例如:
1>.Notthat I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2>.Youare staying; I am going.
3>.Giveme liberty, or give me death.
16.Paradox雋語
Itis a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on theface of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact orpractice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true,well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste,less speed.
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法,是一種矛盾修辭法..
例如:
1>.Morehaste, less speed.欲速則不達
2>.Thechild is the father to the man.（童年時代可決定人之未來）三歲看大，四歲看老。
17.Oxymoron反意法,逆喻
Itis a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(結合) of two contrasting,contradictory or incongruous(不協調) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderlychaos(混亂) and proud humility(侮辱).
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調和的特徵形容一個事物,以不協調的搭配使讀者領悟句中微妙的含義.
例如:
1>.Nolight, but rather darkness visible.沒有光亮，黑暗卻清晰可見
2>.Thestate of this house is cheerless welcome.
18.Climax漸進法,層進法
Itis derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies theprogression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance orintensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, Isaw, I conquered.
這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進,最後達到頂點.可以增強語勢,逐漸加深讀者印象.
例如:
1>.Iam sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eyehad not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimaxor bathos 漸降法
Itis the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descendingorder of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to lightor frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die,and endow(賦予) a college, or a cat.
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語由大到小,由強到弱地排列.
例如:
1>.Onhis breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair ofboots.
2>.Theduties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
20.Analogy類比
Itis also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually usescomparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between twounlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
21.Understatement含蓄陳述
Itis the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect ofemphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener orthe reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by barestatement. For instance, it is no laughing matter.
22.Antonomasia換喻
Ithas also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it isstill in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wiseand fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
23.Syllepsis一語雙敘
Ithas two connotations.
Inthe first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflectionof a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properlyapplying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed youand me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)
Inthe second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence.For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying,others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one'slimbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
24.Zeugma軛式搭配
Itis a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in thesame sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, orapplying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn youby day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
25.Innuendo 暗諷
Itis a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不讚美) to the person or subjectmentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take hisreadings in a bathroom.
26.Sarcasm諷刺
ItSarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner,and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subjectattacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, butlet wasps break through.
27.Epigram警句
Itstates a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(強烈地). It is usually terse and arousesinterest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of humanbehavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
28.Apostrophe頓呼
Inthis figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) isaddressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. Forinstance, England! awake! awake! awake!
29.TransferredEpithet 轉類形容詞
Itis a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) istransferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修飾) to another to which it does notreally apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.
30.Alliteration:(頭韻）
Ithas to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is adevice that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(間隔) and since the sound repeated isusually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme".For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followedfree.
頭韻法（alliteration）在文句中有兩個以上連結在一起的詞或詞組，其開頭的音節有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強語言的節奏感。
1>.Howand why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success,and sadness.
31.Onomatopoeia擬聲
Itis a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animateor inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. Eg:On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing./ She broughtme into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, therustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of aloved one.
（本文整理自/英語修辭）
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