Academic English Writing：Four Principles to Improve Your Document
學術英語：提升英語論文寫作的四大原則（雙語分享）
Communication is an important part of every job. No matter what you do, that is maybe especially true in academic research. You can do great research, you can have great ideas, but you also need be able to communicate those ideas with others. What we share will help you do that better. It includes a lot of examples and exercises to help you improve. The following is the outline of the main parts.
交流是工作中的一個重要環節。無論從事何種工作，交流都是其中一個重要的部分，尤其是在學術研究中。你可以從事偉大的研究，你可以有很棒的想法，但你必須能夠與他人交流這些想法。我們的分享可以幫助你做的更好，其中包括很多實例，來幫助你不斷提升。以下是本系列分享的大綱。
Section 1: What to write?
l Planning what to write
l The writing process
l The components of an academic paper
Writing is a process, and planning what to write is a part of that process what covers different approaches to planning including developing a mind map and writing backward. Also, we will discuss different components of the papers. Obviously, you know the most academic papers have an abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, but there sometimes confusions about what should go in each section. Hence, we will cover the content of each one and how to write each section.
寫作是一個過程，規劃是寫作過程的一部分，涵蓋不同的規劃方法，包括構建思路和從後往前寫作。同時，我們會討論文章的不同組成部分。你已經知道，大多數學術論文包括：摘要、引言、實驗方法、實驗結果、討論，但每部分該寫什麼仍會讓人困惑。所以，我們會談到每部分應涵蓋的內容以及如何撰寫。
Section 2: Academic Style
l Referencing the work of others
l Approaches for articles and proposals
Unfortunately, some academics think the academic style means writing long, boring sentences that are hard to understand, and big words that make them sound smart. That is not what academic writing should be. Academic writing should be clear and understandable by almost everyone. That is hard to dot. So, we will talk about writing clearly and concisely as well as referencing the works of others. Your work should be built on what other people have done in your field, so you need to reference them and acknowledge the work they have completed.
遺憾的是，一些學者認為，學術風格就是那些難以理解的冗長、枯燥的句子，或是為了聽起來有學術風格，嘗試使用一些晦澀的詞語。這並不是真正的學術寫作。學術寫作應該簡明扼要，通俗易懂。但是，想做到並不容易。所以，我們會講如何清晰和簡潔地寫作以及引用他人的文章。你的文章應該基於他人的成果進行借鑑，當然，也應提及並感謝他們所完成的工作。
Also, articles and proposals are different types of academic writing and have different approaches. We will discuss the differences among those.
此外，論文和研究計劃書是不同的類型，有不同的寫作方法。我們將討論到這些不同之處。
Section 3: Editing for Correctness, Clarity and Conciseness
l Grammar and punctuation principles
l Writing in active voice
l How to edit effectively
l Writing clearly and concisely
Editing is something you need to do on your own writing. It is an important part of writing process. First, we will talk about some of the grammar and punctuation principles. Things like when do I use 「affect」, when do I use 「effect」, when do I use「commas」. Those can be tricky things, but they really can navigate your writing to the next level, when getting them correct.
編輯和修改應該基於你自己的寫作，是寫作過程中一個重要的部分。首先，我們會談到語法和標點符號的使用規則。諸如什麼時候該使用」affect」，什麼時候使用」effect」，什麼時候使用逗號。學習並掌握這些可能不容易，但正確的方法將會使你的寫作水平提升到更高一個級別。
We fell into the traps of using the passive voice a lot in academia, such as 『the study was conducted by』 rather than 『the researcher conducted the study』. Saying 『the researcher conducted the study』 is active voice and shows that the action is occurring and it’s a stronger way to write.
我們常常會誤以為在學術寫作中應儘量使用被動語態，例如，使用the study was conducted by而不是the researcher conducted the study。使用「the researcher conducted the study」是主動語態，並強調了動作的發生。這是寫作的一種很強有力的方法。
You may have brilliant ideas, but you need to convey those clearly so that other people can understand them concisely while you are not using more words than you need to .
你可能有很不錯的想法，但你需要簡潔且清楚的表達，使他人理解的同時不需要堆砌冗餘詞語。
Section 4: Tools
l Microsoft Words - Track Changes
l Useful websites and resources
l More examples and exercises to help you evaluate and improve your writing and editing
We will cover a few of the tools of the trade which are really helpful in editing, including Microsoft Word, track changes functions, as well as some other websites and resources. Along the way, we will include lots of examples and exercises to help you improve your writing and editing.
我們還將講到一些有用的工具，包括：Microsoft Word和好用的Track Change，以及一些有用的網站和資源。並且，我們會提供大量的例句來幫助大家提高寫作和編校水平。
Over all, the key to good academic writing can be boiled down in one sentence:
因此，學術寫作的關鍵詞可以歸結為一句話：
Have something to say, and say it clearly.
有好的內容，並清晰地表達。
Some people say: 「I’m just not a good writer., I can’t write well.」 Everyone could be a good writer, as far as you follow the basic principles.
有些人說：「我不是一個好作者。」其實只要遵循這些基本原則，每個人都可以成為一名好作家。
1. Have something important to say有好的內容
First, the most important and sometimes the hardest is 「Have something important to say」. You could be a great writer, follow all the rules of grammar, have wonderful vocabulary, write adequately. But if your ideas are weak and not back up by facts, that might not be worth reading.
首先，最重要的，有時是最難的地方在於「要有好的內容」。遵循所有的規則和語法，掌握豐富的詞彙量，寫作準確嚴謹，你可能是一個很好的作者。但是，如果你的內容薄弱，沒有事實支持，那麼你的文章不值得一讀。
2. Follow the basic principles of English grammar in your writing遵循寫作中英語語法基本原則
English is a really hard language. There are a lot of rules and for every rule, there are 20 instances where we need to break that rule. It’s very confusing and what we share is going to help you navigate some of the rules in English grammar that help you improve your writing.
英語確實是一門很難的語言。其中有很多規則要掌握，又有一些特例是不遵循這些規則的，確實很令人困惑。我們會在分享中幫助您掌握這些規則，從而幫助你提高寫作水平。
3. Edit and revise. Edit and revise. Edit and revise...反覆編輯修改
Sometimes when we finish writing, we just say: 「 Ah! Finally I’m done, turn it in, get it off my desk, turn off my computer」. But that doesn’t lead to a very good finished product. Good writer knows that you need to take that and edit it and revise it and edit and revise over and over again so that it can be improved each time.
有時，在我們完成寫作後，我們總是說：「啊！我終於完成了，搞定了， 趕緊拿走，關掉電腦。」這樣不會寫出一篇優秀的作品。一名好作家知道需要花時間一遍又一遍地編輯和修改，做到精益求精。
4. Practice! 練習！
Anything hard takes practice and writing is no exception. You need to read good writing, practice writing yourself and practice editing. You will improve with practice.
任何困難的事情，都需要勤加練習，寫作也不例外。你需要多多閱讀佳作，多多練筆然後進行編輯修改。通過練習，不斷提升。