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唧唧堂心理學研究人， 鏡子心理，帶來4篇JPSP的最新論文：趴體提高自信心；愛是深深的理解和接納；孔融活得更累；以及，世界這麼大，論年少時去看看的重要性。您可以點擊該頁底部連接「閱讀原文」 查看鏡子心理的研究人空間，查看他在唧唧堂的所有論文推薦，也歡迎和他互動交流哦！
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趴體提高自信心
Party Animal Hats, Papery & Cakery. Source: paperyandcakery.com
群體集會情境下者,參與者知覺到情感一致的心理與社會效果
社會心理學的一個核心假設是：社會情景對人的認知、情感和行為，產生決定性影響。
這一解釋滋生了大量的經典研究，例如電擊實驗、斯坦福監獄實驗、助人者實驗等。遵循同一個核心假設，最新發表在《人格與社會心理學雜誌》上的論文，Dario等人將研究範圍擴展到群體集會上。
實際上，早在1912年Durkheim就提出了群體集會的理論解釋。Durkheim認為，群體集會能使得參與者產生共享的社會情感，並體驗到群體興奮、與他人的聯結感以及伴隨著積極效果的自我(控制)感；這將導致參與者離開群體集會以後，參與者將獲得對生活和社會組織的自信。
然而，一個世紀以來還沒有研究對Durkheim的理論進行檢驗。Dario首次設計了四個研究(2個相關、1個實驗、1個semilongitudinal)，評估了積極效價或者是消極效價在群體集會的積極結果。
結果證實了：群體集會增強了集體認同、社會整合，以及更強的群體和個人的自尊和效能感、積極的情感等。與Durkheim理論一致，知覺到的情感一致起mediator作用。
論文原文
Psychosocial effects of perceived emotional synchrony in collective gatherings.
Páez, Dario; Rimé, Bernard; Basabe, Nekane; Wlodarczyk, Anna; Zumeta, Larraitz
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 108(5), May 2015, 711-729.
Abstract
In a classic theory, Durkheim (1912) predicted that because of the social sharing of emotion they generate, collective gatherings bring participants to a stage of collective effervescence in which they experience a sense of union with others and a feeling of empowerment accompanied by positive affect. This would lead them to leave the collective situation with a renewed sense of confidence in life and in social institutions. A century after Durkheim’s predictions of these effects, though, they remained untested as a whole. This article reports 4 studies, 2 correlational, 1 semilongitudinal, and 1 experimental, assessing the positive effects of participation in either positively valenced (folkloric marches) or negatively valenced (protest demonstrations) collective gatherings. Results confirmed that collective gatherings consistently strengthened collective identity, identity fusion, and social integration, as well as enhancing personal and collective self-esteem and efficacy, positive affect, and positive social beliefs among participants. In line with a central tenet of the theory, emotional communion, or perceived emotional synchrony with others mediated these effects. Higher perceived emotional synchrony was associated with stronger emotional reactions, stronger social support, and higher endorsement of social beliefs and values. Participation in symbolic collective gatherings also particularly reinforced identity fusion when perceived emotional synchrony was high. The respective contributions of perceived emotional synchrony and flow, or optimal experience, were also assessed. Whereas perceived emotional synchrony emerged as strongly related to the various social outcomes, flow was observed to be related first to collective efficacy and self-esteem, and thus, to encompass mainly empowerment effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
愛是深深的理解和接納
畢卡索1969年創作的《吻》，來源：imgarcade.com。
戀愛中的非安全依戀者：對浪漫戀人消極情感的知覺偏差，以及敵意的關係行為。
每年五月的第二個周日是母親節，我們來談談愛情。我們是如何從母親的懷抱，走向戀人的懷抱的呢？為什麼總有人容易在愛中受傷呢？—— 對消極情緒不準確的覺知，是其中一個重要原因。
哪些人更容易錯誤地覺知戀人的消極情緒呢？這種錯誤的覺知，又對行為產生什麼影響呢？這就是本研究要解決的問題。
Overall等人利用依戀類型理論把被試分為三類，—— 依戀類型理論與母親早期的教養有關，根據母親自身的狀況，以及對嬰兒需求的滿足情況，把嬰兒分為：安全依戀型，迴避型依戀型，焦慮型依戀型。—— 研究者設置情景（研究一），或在現實中（研究二），對他們知覺戀人消極情感變化的能力（ tracking accuracy）及消極情感強度的能力（directional bias ）進行測量。
結果發現：
高迴避型的個體和低迴避型的個體，在覺察情感變化方面沒有差異；
但是，高迴避者高估了戀人的消極情感強度；
除此之外，高迴避者表現出了更多的敵意和防禦行為；
與此相反，焦慮型依戀者沒有發現顯著差異。
這篇論文具有實際意義：美國人本主義心理學家羅傑斯說過，愛是深深的理解和接納（語出武志紅《中國人的情感模式就是找媽》），如果你或你的戀人是迴避型依戀者，那麼，認識到迴避者在消極情緒知覺方面的偏差，並且雙方予以溝通澄清，是關係正常發展的關鍵一招。
拓展閱讀
學會愛：從母親的懷抱到愛人的懷抱
Learning to Love: From Your Mother's Arms To Your Lover's Arm
http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/twaters_medium.pdf
論文原文
Attachment insecurity, biased perceptions of romantic partners』 negative emotions, and hostile relationship behavior.
Overall, Nickola C.; Fletcher, Garth J. O.; Simpson, Jeffry A.; Fillo, Jennifer
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 108(5), May 2015, 730-749.
Abstract
In the current research, we tested the extent to which attachment insecurity produces inaccurate and biased perceptions of intimate partners』 emotions and whether more negative perceptions of partners』 emotions elicit the damaging behavior often associated with attachment insecurity. Perceptions of partners』 emotions as well as partners』 actual emotions were assessed multiple times in couples』 conflict discussions (Study 1) and daily during a 3-week period in 2 independent samples (Study 2). Using partners』 reports of their own emotional experiences as the accuracy benchmark, we simultaneously tested whether attachment insecurity was associated with the degree to which individuals (a) accurately detected shifts in their partners』 negative emotions (tracking accuracy), and (b) perceived their partners were feeling more negative relationship-related emotions than they actually experienced (directional bias). Highly avoidant perceivers were equally accurate at tracking their partners』 changing emotions compared to less avoidant individuals (tracking accuracy), but they overestimated the intensity of their partners』 negative emotions to a greater extent than less avoidant individuals (directional bias). In addition, more negative perceptions of partners』 emotions triggered more hostile and defensive behavior in highly avoidant perceivers both during conflict discussions (Study 1) and in daily life (Study 2). In contrast, attachment anxiety was not associated with tracking accuracy, directional bias, or hostile reactions to perceptions of their partners』 negative emotions. These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing biased perceptions in actual relationship interactions and reveal that biased perceptions play an important role in activating the defenses of avoidantly attached people.
孔融活得更累
王繼奎 《梨》 布面油畫。圖片來源：paimai.taobao.com
重擔難當：高自控者的人際損耗
這篇論文的亮點，是填補了一個自我控制研究的一個盲點。
經典的心理學文獻通常研究高自控者的優勢，在個人方面他們學習更優秀、賺錢更多；在人際方面他們擁有更滿意持久的人際關係，總之：別人家的孩子。
高自控者真的十全十美嗎？絕對不是。Koval等人決定給別人家的孩子挑挑刺，他們的研究成果發表在最新一期《人格與社會心理學雜誌》上。
Koval等人假設，高自控者或許也有一些人際損耗，導致他們被他人的依賴「壓傷」。
在研究1和研究2中，作者檢驗了行動者自我控制對觀察者期待的影響。結果發現：相比於低自控者，觀察者對高自控者賦予了更多的期待。
研究3探討了自我控制對任務分配的影響，結果又發現：觀察者給高自控者分配了更多任務。
研究4要求觀察者相比於低自控者，評估高自控者努力的程度；結果發現：觀察者認為高自控者花費了更少的努力。
最後，研究5和研究6發現：高自控者報告了同事和浪漫戀人對自己的依賴，這導致高自控者對關係較不滿。
總估值，該研究表明個體的自我控制，會影響他人對個體的態度和行為，這同時暗示了這些人際互動對高自控者的消極影響。
別人家的孩子承受了較大的壓力，讓我們一起背起來：「天將降大任於斯人也,必先苦其心志,勞其筋骨.」—— 這就是他們成功的代價。
論文原文
The burden of responsibility: Interpersonal costs of high self-control.
Koval, Christy Zhou; vanDellen, Michelle R.; Fitzsimons, Gráinne M.; Ranby, Krista W.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 108(5), May 2015, 750-766.
Abstract
The psychological literature on self-control has illustrated the many benefits experienced by people with high self-control, who are more successful both personally and interpersonally. In the current research, we explore the possibility that having high self-control also may have some interpersonal costs, leading individuals to become burdened by others』 reliance. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined the effects of actors』 self-control on observers』 performance expectations and found that observers had higher performance expectations for actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 3, we tested the effect of actors』 self-control on work assigned to actors and found that observers assigned greater workloads to actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 4, we examined how actors and observers differed in their assessments of the effort expended by high and low self-control actors and found that observers (but not actors) reported that high self-control actors expended less effort than low self-control actors. Finally, we found that people high (vs. low) in self-control reported greater burden from the reliance of coworkers (Study 5) and romantic partners (Study 6), and this tendency led them to feel less satisfied with their relationships (Study 6). Together, results from these studies provide novel evidence that individuals』 self-control affects others』 attitudes and behaviors toward them, and suggest that these interpersonal dynamics can have negative consequences for high self-control individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
世界這麼大，年少時最該去看看
孤獨的象，常玉。常玉19歲赴法國留學，與徐悲鴻，林風眠、潘玉良、邵洵美等成為中國最早期的留法學生之一。圖片來源：blog.udn.com
出國留學長自尊？青春期到成年初期跨國交流學生的自尊發展過程
在猶豫要不要出國？希望你認真看一下這篇論文，這會給你一個出國的理由。這個研究的目的，為自尊發展的微觀與宏觀過程，灑下一道曙光。
參與調查的是867名正在參與國際交換的德國高中生。這裡測量了三波自尊數據，包括：出國前、回國後、回過一年後，以及在國外期間，9個月的自尊狀態測試和社會包容測試；
控制組是714名呆在德國的高中生，測量了兩波自尊數據。
從宏觀視角來說，交換生平均數水平的增加更大(steeper)，並且評分等級穩定性更低；
從微觀視角來說，交換生自尊的狀態改變mediated自尊的特質改變；社會包容預測狀態自尊的震蕩變化，反之亦然。
總之，通過顯示通過狀態的改變，引發穩定的人格特質的改變。我們強調整合宏觀分析方法的重要性。
ps：該研究的對象是高中生，也提示我們要想出國，請儘快。年齡越小，特質越容易改變哦。小編按：萬惡的美帝，我來啦……
論文原文
Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange.
Hutteman, Roos; Nestler, Steffen; Wagner, Jenny; Egloff, Boris; Back, Mitja D.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 108(5), May 2015, 767-783.
Abstract
Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well as interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the macro- and microprocesses of self-esteem development. We investigated a sample of 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) participating in an international exchange year. Exchange students provided 3 waves of trait self-esteem data (shortly before they departed, immediately after return, and 1 year later), as well as 9 monthly state measures of self-esteem and social inclusion during their stay abroad. In addition, a control group of high school students who stayed in Germany (N = 714) provided 2 waves of trait self-esteem data. From a macroperspective, results showed an effect of student exchange on trait self-esteem development: Exchange students showed a steeper mean-level increase and a lower rank-order stability compared with control students. Zooming in on the microprocesses underlying these developmental patterns, we found trait changes in exchange students to be mediated by state changes in self-esteem during their exchange. These fluctuations in state self-esteem were found to be predicted by feelings of social inclusion in the host country, and vice versa, providing support for both sociometer and self-broadcasting perspectives on self-esteem dynamics. In sum, our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating a microanalytical approach when investigating self-esteem development by showing that the environment triggers changes in this relatively stable personality trait through changes in states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
作者簡介
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