寫作的目的是為了進行簡化準確的信息交流。因而在寫作時要儘量避免帶入個人感情色彩,但同時還能夠體現作者的風格、準確表達作者的心聲。確保文章中語句使用的準確性是高效寫作的目標。那麼有哪些常見的英文寫作誤區大家需要避免呢?
在分享之前,不妨先來簡單測試一下您的英文寫作水平吧:
下面哪種表述更為準確,更符合科技寫作的規範?
Q1:
A. more than 25 mg
B. in excess of 25 mg
C. not over 25 mg
Q2:
A. A book is comprised of chapters.
B. A book is composed of chapters.
Q3:
A. On the basis of the molecular orbital calculations, we propose a mechanism that can account for all the major features of alkali- and alkaline-earth-catalyzed gasification reactions.
B. Based on the molecular orbital calculations, we propose a mechanism that can account for all the major features of alkali- and alkaline-earth-catalyzed gasification reactions.
Q4:
A. The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes, respectively, were studied.
B. The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes were studied separately.
Q5:
A. The effects of compounds I–X were studied in rats and men.
B. The effects of compounds I–X were studied in rats and humans.
如果您對上面的題目有所疑惑,請帶著疑問開始閱讀下文!
下面我們將通過例句,來解釋說明這些單詞和短語的用法與區別。在實際運用中,您需要根據實際情景,準確選擇和使用恰當的詞語。
單詞:Assure vs. Ensure vs. Insure
用法: 「to assure」 用來表示向某人保證某事將要發生, 既可以用來確證某事, 也可以表示使某人確信; 「to ensure」 表示使某行為或某件事的結果得以保證;「to insure」 表示以防不測向保險公司投保。
例句:
He assured me that the work had been completed.
The procedure ensures that clear guidelines have been established.
You cannot get a mortgage unless you insure your home.
短語:Based on vs. On the basis of
用法: 以「based on」開頭的短語通常用來修飾緊跟在此短語之前或之後的名詞或代詞;而以 「on the basis of」 開頭的短語則通常用來修飾一個動作/動詞。
例句:
The administration sent a document based on your suggestion. (based on 被用來修飾前置名詞 document)
The doctors』 new methods in brain surgery were based on Ben Carson’s work.
On the basis of the molecular orbital calculations, we propose a mechanism that can account for all the major features of alkali- and alkaline-earth-catalyzed gasification reactions. (not Based on…)
單詞:Comprise vs. Compose
用法: 「comprise」 表示包含或者由…組成/構成; 它指的是整體包含部分, 沒有被動時態。「compose」 表示組成,用來說明某物是由較小的部分組成的。「is comprised of」是錯誤的表達形式。
例句:
× A book is comprised of chapters.
√ A book comprises chapters.
√ A book is composed of chapters.
性別中立語言,也稱性別包容性語言,是指不表明特定性別的代詞和名詞,它們對男性和女性個人都更具包容性。在當今的專業、科技寫作中,普遍認為使用性別中立性語言是更好的做法。美國政府和大多數出版商已儘可能地避免出版物中使用性別偏見性的語言。當今的一些格式指南和寫作指南都敦促文案編輯和作者選擇不過於強化性別角色的術語。
性別中立性語言應該準確、無偏、自然。最常見的問題有:用名詞 「man」 泛指所有人,用代詞 「he/his」 指代非特定個人。這些術語不再被視為性別中立性語言。對於這些詞彙,通常有一些令人滿意的性別中立性替代詞彙。寫作時應仔細選擇替代詞彙,並使其在上下文保持一致。當然,如果明確知道所討論的人的身份,那麼適當地稱呼 「他」 或 「她」 是完全可以接受的。
單詞:Fewer vs. Less
用法: 「fewer」 用於數字,「less」 用於數量。「less」 後面還可接數字和單位的組合,此時將這個組合看作單數。
例句:
fewer than 50 animals
fewer than 100 samples
less product
less time
less work
less than 5 mg
less than 3 days
短語:Greater than vs. More than vs. Over vs. In excess of
用法: 「greater than」 和 「more than」 相對於 「over」 和 「in excess of」 來說更加準確。
例句:
greater than 50% (not in excess of 50%)
more than 100 samples (not over 100 samples)
more than 25 mg (not in excess of 25 mg, not over 25 mg)
短語:On (the) one hand vs. On the other hand
用法: 「on (the) one hand」 and 「on the other hand」表示事物的兩個不同方面,必須一起使用,不可單獨出現。而且,最好相隔不遠。也就是說,在 「on the other hand」 之前,一定會出現 「on (the) one hand」。
例句:
On (the) one hand, we wanted to arrive early so that we could practice our presentation and correct any last-minute problems. On the other hand, we did not want to miss the current session of talks and the opportunity to talk to others about their research.
在科技寫作時,我們要儘可能地使用易於理解的、符合研究主題的文字闡述學術觀點,避免使用俚語或是日常交流中經常提到的技術行話,這類通俗的語言並不適合在專業的文體寫作中使用。更為重要的是,我們在寫作時要避免使用一些不恰當的詞語,例如:
在句子中表達 「separately」 或 「independently」 的意思時不要使用 「respectively」 這個單詞:
×The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes, respectively, were studied.
√ The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes were studied separately.
避免在科學文章中使用縮略詞:
× wasn’t
√was not
× in the lab
√ in the laboratory
避免使用 「it is」, 「there are」, 「this is」 這類句式結構進行冗餘的措辭表達:
× It is a procedure that is often used.
√ This procedure is often used.
× There are seven steps that must be completed.
√ Seven steps must be completed.
× This is a problem that is prevalent in the sciences.
√ This problem is prevalent in the sciences.
測試題目答案:1, A; 2, B; 3, A; 4, B; 5, B。
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