來源：環球網
原標題：空難中，我們如何自救？國外機長告訴你
在不到半年時間裡，印尼獅航和埃塞航空兩次空難所致的死亡人數達到345人。我們真的不能再坐飛機了嗎？在飛機下墜的短短數分鐘內，我們應該如何自救？
衣索比亞航空於當地時間11日發布消息，飛機的黑匣子已經找到。
(Via Twitter)
據央視消息，兩個黑匣子其中之一發現於搜索檢查過的廢品堆中，另一個是由中資公司中鐵七局工作人員在地下約20米處找到的。
阿迪斯阿貝巴東南處的比斯霍夫圖鎮墜機現場(圖via Reuters)
3月10日，衣索比亞航空一架波音737-8飛機發生墜機空難，這是繼去年10月29日印尼獅航空難事故之後，波音737-8飛機發生的第2起空難。這次空難導致機上157人全部遇難，包括8名中國公民。
Ethiopian Airlines CEO Tewolde GebreMariam told reporters at a press conference that the pilot of flight ET 302 that crashed Sunday morning hadreported technical difficulties and asked for clearance to return to Addis Ababa.
衣索比亞航空公司執行長格布馬裡亞姆在當天的新聞發布會上對記者說，當天早上墜毀的埃航302航班起飛後，飛行員曾報告遇到技術困難，要求返回。
He was given clearance to turn back , according to Mr. GebreMariam, citing the Air Traffic Controllers record.
格布馬裡亞姆援引空中交通管制員的記錄說，他獲準返回。
Ethiopian Airlines plane crash via CNN
只是，在返航前，悲劇就發生了 ，該飛機機頭朝下插入地面墜毀。
Flight data viewed by The Washington Post shows the flight getting into trouble almost immediately after departure. A normal takeoff for most passenger jets involves a steady climb to about a thousand feet, followed by an accelerating climb.
據華盛頓郵報報導，飛行數據顯示，這架飛機起飛不久就遇到了麻煩。對大部分客機來說，正常的起飛應該是穩步爬升到達1000英尺，接著是加速爬升。
However, on this flight, a minute and a half after its takeoff, the plane inexplicably began to descend — for nearly a minute — before climbing again.
然而，這架飛機起飛一分半鐘後，飛機開始因不明原因下降了將近1分鐘，然後再次爬升。
During that time, the plane’s speed kept increasing to what is far above normal for that phase of a takeoff. The plane underwent a sharp pull up — 600 feet in just 10 seconds — and was flying at 380 nautical miles per hour, when about 270 would be closer to normal.
這段時間內，飛機持續加速，速度遠遠超過了飛機起飛階段正常的速度。飛機經歷了急劇的拉升動作，在10秒內拉升了600英尺，時速達到每小時380海裡，然而正常的應該在270海裡左右。
Three minutes later, it crashed.
三分鐘後，飛機墜毀。
Ethiopian Airlines flight bound for Nairobi crashes, all 157 on board killed via The Washington Post
去年印尼獅航的墜機也有相似的遭遇 。
2018年11月28日，印尼公布根據黑匣子得出的初步調查報告，披露10月29日造成189人遇難的印尼獅航墜機事件細節。
在11分鐘的飛行中，飛機的機頭自動下垂二十多次 ，飛行員一直在與出問題的飛機作鬥爭，將機頭拉高，但這場「人機互鬥」最終以墜海為結局。
via 環球時報
那萬一出現這種情況，飛機上的人就只能坐以待斃了嗎?有沒有增加生還概率實現自救的可能？
此前，國外一名飛行員就給出過一些自救的建議。
(via The Sun)
這位名叫Dave Inch的波音787機長在Quora上分享了一些提高生存機率的建議。
What a passenger does in those final minutes before a plane crashes could be crucial for their survival.
墜機前，乘客在最後數分鐘內所做的事情，可能對他們生還起著至關重要的作用。
First of all, passengers should secure their general person in preparation for a crash landing.
首先，乘客可以採取一些安全措施做好緊急迫降準備。。
He said: "Remove everything sharp from your pockets, loosen your belt and remove your tie or scarf and remove high heeled shoes.
他說道：「掏出口袋裡所有尖銳的物品，鬆開你的皮帶，解開領帶或圍巾，脫掉高跟鞋。」
"Take glasses off for landing so they don't fly off and are available to help you see your way out if you need them.
「摘掉眼鏡，這樣硬著陸的時候他們就不會飛起來，也方便在你找尋出路的時候用到它。」
"Know where your closest exit is and a backup for the type of landing [as] some exits can't be used in water landings.
「了解離你最近的出口在哪兒，以及備用出口在哪兒，一些出口不能用於水上著陸。」
"Count the number of rows to those exits and try to identify any protrusions that you might use to find them if the cabin is full of smoke."
「數一數你和出口之間隔了幾排座位，確定你可能會用到的任何凸起處，在機艙內充滿煙霧的時候你可能需要藉助它們(找到出路)。」
(圖via The Sun)
Even though there is likely to be an air of panic and chaos in the cabin, Mr Inch says that it is crucial to listen to the flight attendant briefing.
即使機艙內很可能充滿恐慌和混亂，Inch說，聽從乘務員的播報至關重要。
He said: "Follow the instructions of the flight attendants in their pre-landing briefing.
他說：「要遵從乘務員著陸前的指揮。」
GOING DOWN How to survive a plane crash – pilot reveals the crucial rules to follow if your plane is going down (via The Sun)
(via The Sun)
此外，他還說，機上所有人行動協調一致 ，才有可能大家一起脫險。
他還提醒了一些不該做的事 。
"Don't waste your time taking video with your camera.... listen and pay attention.
「不要浪費時間用你的照相機拍攝視頻，要仔細聽，專注於當前的狀況。」
"If you survive with a video, it's cool. If you die because you were more interested in taking a video than paying attention, it's not so cool."
「假如你生還了，還保存了視頻，那很酷。如果你為了拍視頻而不注意狀況，然後因此喪命，那可就不酷了。」
After the plane has landed, travellers should then resist the temptation to run for the exit and wait in their seat until instructed.
在飛機著陸後，乘客應該抑制自己向出口處一哄而上的衝動，而應該坐在他們的座位上聽從指揮。
Mr Inch: "Stay in your seat until instructed. Do not open a door or window exit without direct instructions from a flight attendant.
Inch說：「坐著不要動聽指令。不要在乘務員發出指令前開門或開窗。」
"Have a piece of cloth (preferably damp) to assist in breathing if there is smoke - if there is smoke during evacuation, stay as low as possible."
「假如有煙霧，準備好一塊布(最好是溼的)來幫助你呼吸。假如在疏散過程中有煙霧，儘量蹲下身子。」
"If [it's] a water landing, do not inflate your life vest until you are at the doorway - if you inflate it and the aircraft fills with water, you will get trapped on the ceiling and not be able to swim underwater to get out.
「假如是水上著陸，不要在你到達出口前給你的救生衣充氣。假如你給它衝了氣，而機艙內充滿了水，你就會被困在天花板上，不能通過潛水遊泳到達出口。」
"If this happens, get out of your life vest to be able to swim out and hang onto someone once out. Life vests easily buoy 2 people."
「假如這種情況發生了，脫下救生衣遊出機艙，然後抓住另一個人，救生衣託起兩個人沒問題。」
GOING DOWN How to survive a plane crash – pilot reveals the crucial rules to follow if your plane is going down (via The Sun)
你學會這些自救方法了嗎？歡迎留言分享你的觀點！
整合：Du Qiongfang
原文：CNN, The Washington Post, The Sun，央視，環球時報
圖/題圖：Reuters, The Sun, Twitter