2015年10月9日 訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --癌症的發生往往是由於腫瘤細胞獲得了脫離細胞死亡宿命的能力,在人類的癌症病例中,細胞死亡現象的缺失大部分是源於一個關鍵基因——P53的突變。P53是細胞凋亡的一個重要調節分子,同時也是一個明星抑癌基因。因此,在P53缺失的情形下,如何使腫瘤細胞以其它的方式發生凋亡是十分重要的方向。P73是P53家族的另一成員,可以行使與P53相似的生物功能,然而不同於P53的高突變率,P73在癌症中鮮有突變發生。這使得P73成為控制癌細胞凋亡的關鍵。針對這一問題,作者展開了相關研究,研究結果發表在最近一期的《Oncogene》雜誌上。
作者之前已經鑑定出ADORA2B(即編碼腺嘌呤受體A2B的基因)是P53基因下遊的效應基因,該基因的活化能夠導致細胞在外界腺嘌呤濃度達到一定程度的情況下發生細胞凋亡。因此,作者希望了解是否該基因也會受到P73的調節。
首先,作者以Saos-2細胞系作為研究對象,構建了P73的誘導過表達系統,他們發現在P73有效表達的情況下,ADORA2B的表達水平也會顯著上升。這一結果說明P73與P53類似,都能激活下遊基因ADORA2B的表達。由於ADORA2B本身帶有P53結合位點,因此,作者希望了解是否該結合位點也能夠與P73相互結合。作者通過螢光素酶報告基因的檢測手段(即在細胞系中共同轉染P73質粒與帶有P53結合位點序列的質粒),結果顯示,P73能夠與ADORA2B基因內部的P53結合位點相互結合,進一步肯定了P73的生理功能。
下一步,作者希望了解P73激活ADORA2B基因的表達從而產生A2B受體對細胞本身的影響。在此前的實驗設計基礎上,作者後續加入了腺嘌呤的類似物(NECA)刺激。結果顯示,在P73表達量較低時,無論是否有NECA的刺激,細胞的死亡率均較低,而當P73誘導表達量升高時,本身即會引起大量細胞的死亡,在加入NECA的刺激後,這一比例變得更高。這一結果說明P73激活下遊ADORA2B基因的表達能夠進一步促進細胞的凋亡發生。
進一步,作者通過生化實驗確定了細胞的凋亡事件的發生依賴於caspase 激酶的活性。並通過一系列抑制劑/抑制分子的實驗證明該凋亡主要是內源性(即由線粒體引發,細胞色素C介導發生的)而非外源性。
最終,作者證明了在接受放射性治療或藥物治療後的腫瘤細胞中P73能夠增強A2B的信號,從而促使細胞凋亡的發生。(生物谷bioon.com)
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Effects of upregulation of Id3 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells on proliferation, apoptosis, mobility and tumorigenicity
J S Long, P M Schoonen, D Graczyk, J O'Prey and K M Ryan
Tumour cells often acquire the ability to escape cell death, a key event leading to the development of cancer. In almost half of all human cancers, the capability to induce cell death is reduced by the mutation and inactivation of p53, a tumour suppressor protein that is a central regulator of apoptosis. As a result, there is a crucial need to identify different cell death pathways that could be targeted in malignancies lacking p53. p73, the closely related p53 family member, can regulate many p53 target genes and therefore some of the same cellular responses as p53. Unlike p53, however, p73 is seldom mutated in cancer, making it an attractive, alternative death effector to target. We report here the ability of p73 to upregulate the expression of the A2B receptor, a recently characterized p53 target that effectively promotes cell death in response to extracellular adenosine-a metabolite that accumulates during various forms of cellular stress. Importantly, we show that p73-dependent stimulation of A2B signalling markedly enhances apoptosis in cancer cells that are devoid of p53. This mode of death is caspase- and puma-dependent, and can be prevented by the overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL. Moreover, treatment of p53-null cancer cells with the chemotherapeutic drug adriamycin (doxorubicin) induces A2B in a p73-dependent manner and, in combination with an A2B agonist, substantially enhances apoptotic death. We therefore propose an alternate and distinct p53-independent pathway to stimulate programmed cell death involving p73-mediated engagement of adenosine signalling.