植物種子和器官大小是重要的產量性狀,大小調控也是一個基本的發育生物學問題。然而,植物決定其種子和器官最終大小的分子機理目前並不清楚。為了揭示植物種子和器官大小調控的分子機理,中國科學院遺傳與發育生物學研究所李雲海研究組已在擬南芥中分離了一些大種子和器官的突變體da (DA是漢字「大」的意思)。其中,da1-1 突變體形成大的種子、器官和粗壯的植株。DA1 編碼一個泛素受體蛋白,通過抑制細胞分裂從而調控植物種子和器官大小。
為了進一步理解DA1作用的分子機制,李雲海研究組分離了一系列da1-1 的增強子(eod)和抑制子(sod)突變體。其中,sod2 在種子和器官大小上完全上位於da1-1,表明SOD2 作用在DA1 的下遊調控種子和器官大小。然而遺傳分析表明SOD2與我們以前發表的E3泛素連結酶DA2和EOD1作用在不同的遺傳途徑。通過圖位克隆的方法分離了SOD2 基因。SOD2 編碼一個去泛素化酶UBP15(ubiquitin-specific protease 15)。sod2 單突變體形成小的種子和器官,而過量表達SOD2 導致種子和植株變大,表明SOD2/UBP15是種子和器官大小調控的關鍵因子。細胞學分析揭示了SOD2是通過促進珠被的細胞分裂,從而母性影響種子大小。進一步的研究表明,在da1-1 突變體中,SOD2蛋白顯著積累,說明DA1調控了SOD2的蛋白穩定性。
免疫共沉澱等實驗揭示出DA1能夠與SOD2在體內和體外直接互作,表明SOD2是DA1的直接底物。因此,遺傳學和生物化學的研究結果揭示了泛素受體DA1通過直接與去泛素化酶SOD2互作,並介導SOD2的降解,從而調控植物種子和器官大小的新機理。該研究不僅在理論上為植物種子和器官大小調控機理的研究提供重要思路,也將為作物高產育種提供理論基礎。
該研究成果於2月28日在線發表於Plant Cell雜誌。李雲海研究組的博士研究生杜亮和助理研究員李娜為該文章的共同第一作者。該研究得到了科技部、國家自然基金和中科院百人計劃資助。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Plant Cell doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.122663
The Ubiquitin Receptor DA1 Regulates Seed and Organ Size by Modulating the Stability of the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease UBP15/SOD2 in Arabidopsis[W]
Liang Dua,b,1, Na Lia,1, Liangliang Chena,b, Yingxiu Xua,c, Yu Lia,b, Yueying Zhanga,b, Chuanyou Lic and Yunhai Lia,2
Although the control of organ size is a fundamental question in developmental biology, little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that determine the final size of seeds in plants. We previously demonstrated that the ubiquitin receptor DA1 acts synergistically with the E3 ubiquitin ligases DA2 and ENHANCER1 OF DA1 (EOD1)/BIG BROTHER to restrict seed growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE15 (UBP15), encoded by SUPPRESSOR2 OF DA1 (SOD2), which acts maternally to regulate seed size by promoting cell proliferation in the integuments of ovules and developing seeds. The sod2/ubp15 mutants form small seeds, while overexpression of UBP15 increases seed size of wild-type plants. Genetic analyses indicate that UBP15 functions antagonistically in a common pathway with DA1 to influence seed size, but does so independently of DA2 and EOD1. Further results reveal that DA1 physically associates with UBP15 in vitro and in vivo and modulates the stability of UBP15. Therefore, our findings establish a genetic and molecular framework for the regulation of seed size by four ubiquitin-related proteins DA1, DA2, EOD1, and UBP15 and suggest that they are promising targets for increasing seed size in crops.